CEJSH - Yadda

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Militaria w pismach Łukasza Górnickiego

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Bołdyrew A., Uniwersytet Jana Kochanowskiego w Kielcach

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Historica

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2008

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vol. 82

EN

This study deals with military accessories in XVIth century Poland in the light of historiographical relations, that is things and matters connected with an army, military services (an emphasis was put on accessories used by a soldier). The study is based on two works by L. Górnicki Dworzanin polski and Dzieje w Koronie Polskiej. Ł. Górnicki (1527-1603) was a courtier of bishops S. Maciejowski and A. Zebrzydowski, an envoy to Vienna and even a secretary of king Sigismund 11 August. Weapon knowledge systematics was preserved in the work, that is a division into offensive and defensive weapon and military equipment. Among offensive weapon L. Górnicki mentioned sabres which became more and more popular in XVlth century in Poland. It is worth mentioning that both swords and knives producers were applying for the right to produce the sabres. Another offensive weapon was a "hauswehre” - sword numbered by the contemporary of those days, just like a sabre, among fighting knives. This kind of weapon was cheap and easily available. Ł. Górnicki described an unfortunate accident which took place during a shooting show and in the time of Sigismund II August s visit at Prussian duke’s. In this description the author mentioned a sephelin. It was as a short spear with a big spearhead and spearshaft bound with leather bands. There is also a remark on trench mortars and problems faced by gunner who obviously did not know parabolic theory of bullet lead. Górnicki described also several tournaments organized at the king's court, for instance the one in 1533 or in 1539. It is possible to find not only descriptions of tournament customs (e.g. hasliludium hussaronicum) but also armament, mainly protective. Górnicki also noticed personal participation of Sigismund II August in knights’ struggles and he described fighting horses, which mirrors the role of horses in life of noblemen especially an army in Renaissance Poland. It was emphasized that people risked their life to capture horses which was frequently criticized but not abandoned. Ł. Gôrnicki’s account can be highly valued especially that he himself was for many years a courtier and a secretary of Sigismund II August so he knew the described reality very well. Historiographical sources - in contrast to economic sources - remark not only on the object itself but they also place it in a cultural context, which expands our knowledge of material culture history and historical weapon knowledge.

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Tam in pecuniis, quam in mercibus alias towarami. Żołd i zarobki żołnierzy polskiej piechoty zaciężnej za panowania Aleksandra Jagiellończyka i Zygmunta I Starego

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Bołdyrew A.

Studia z Dziejów Wojskowości

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2012

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vol. 1

67-88

EN

The registers of infantry companies (Polish: rota) from the years 1522-1547, preserved in the Central Archives of Historical Records in Warsaw, enable to carry out a calculation of profitability of a military service in the Polish Infantry Mercenaries during the Reign of Aleksander Jagiellończyk i Zygmunt I Stary. Existing data concern almost 12 000 soldiers, that is more than 15 000 pay rates, what gives a chance to talk over the title issue with high probability. The regular rate of pay, paid quarterly for a one infantryman, was an amount of 5 florin. Some categories of armed, like: foot heavy lancers, pavise infantrymen, standard-bearers (propornicy), received the double pay. The combat pay was given partly in cash, partly in products that were an equivalent of a salary. The biggest payment crisis experienced the Crown at the beginning of the 16th century. economic reforms, and especially the monetary reform, executed by the King Zygmunt I Stary, brought an improvement in a situation. However, sometimes there fallen behind with payment. Then soldiers ‘took’ the pay, seizing royal or church properties. It is necessary to notice, that infantrymen had not only to buy a food, but also a military equipment. About the middle of the 16th century, increase in prices, without the raise of remuneration, brought into the deterioration of the service conditions of Polish infantrymenin consequence.

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Horyzont geograficzny żołnierzy zaciężnych w Polsce za ostatnich Jagiellonów. Przyczynek do badań nad mobilnością grupy zawodowej

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Bołdyrew A.

Studia z Dziejów Wojskowości

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2017

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vol. 6

53–69

EN

This study is devoted to the geographical horizon of the mercenary armies during the rule of last two representatives of the Jagiellonian dynasty on the Polish throne. It is assumed that the mercenary army was not a fully institutionalized egalitarian structure, deriving from various states and geographic recruitment sources. During the marches the mercenary army aimed at reaching numerous theatres of war activi¬ties and covered long distances. That was presented based on selected examples. Using counts and estimates concerning distance covered by soldiers, the extent of the geographic horizon of the mercenary army can be determined. The distance ranged from 200 to 760 km. Consequently, it can be argued that the spatial mobility of soldiers (regardless of their territorial and national origin) brought them closer to this group of merchants specializing in far-reaching international trade. As regards the representatives of the lower social strata involved in the military activities of the state, this constituted an opportunity to significantly expand not only their personal geographic horizon but their worldview as well. Therefore, the final conclusion is that the distances covered by the soldiers during war campaigns must have been a formative experience as far as the personality of each soldier is concerned. In comparison with not very mobile old Polish society, the army and the soldiers were, apparently, the group which was more mobile, if not the most mobile one of all.

RU

Данное исследование посвящено географическому горизонту наемных войск в период правления в Польше двух последних Ягеллонов. Я полагаю, что наемное войско – это не до конца институализированная эгалитарная структура, вербовавшая воинов из различных сословий и географических широт. Наемная армия во время переходов, целью которых было прибытие к месту военных действий, преодолевала огромные расстояния. Это показано на отдельных примерах. Опираясь на подсчеты и статистику, касающуюся расстояний, преодолеваемых солдатами, можно определить географический горизонт войска. Он располагался в границах от 200 до порядка 760 км. Таким образом, можно предположить, что пространственная мобильность солдат (независимо от территории и сословного происхождения) сближала их в этом плане с группой купцов, специализировавшихся на международной торговле на больших расстояниях. Для представителей низших сословий, вовлечен¬ных в военную деятельность страны, это был шанс не только расширить свой географический горизонт, но и мировоззрение в целом. Поэтому в конце делается вывод о том, что передвижение солдат в ходе военных компаний, по-видимому, было тем опытом, который формировал личность каждого из них. На фоне малоподвижного старопольского общества, войско и солдаты были более, если не сказать самой, мобильной группой.

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2 Studia z Dziejów Wojskowości

1 Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Historica

3 Bołdyrew A.

1 Uniwersytet Jana Kochanowskiego w Kielcach

1 2017

1 2012

1 2008

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Militaria w pismach Łukasza Górnickiego

Tam in pecuniis, quam in mercibus alias towarami. Żołd i zarobki żołnierzy polskiej piechoty zaciężnej za panowania Aleksandra Jagiellończyka i Zygmunta I Starego

Horyzont geograficzny żołnierzy zaciężnych w Polsce za ostatnich Jagiellonów. Przyczynek do badań nad mobilnością grupy zawodowej