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Groby i krąg kamienny z Błędowa w pow. wąbrzeskim (dawne Blandau, Kr. Culm)

100%

Woźniak M.

Światowit

2012

vol. Tom IX (L), fasc. B

169-179

In March 1876 Constantin Florkowski carried out amateur excavations of a stone circle near the village of Błędowo (former Blandau, Kr. Culm) (Fig. 1). He discovered human burials in its centre. This interesting stone circle is the only feature of that kind which was recorded on the eastern side of the River vistula. Its diameter was about 15m and it was composed of 26 small boulders, arranged regularly at the intervals of about 1 m (Fig. 2). In its centre, there stood a large stela which was 2.4 m high and 1.6 m wide, with smaller stones placed around it. Between them, there were two crudely made clay vessels, filled with ash and fragments of burnt human bones. Ca. 30 cm below, in the sand, there lay a human skeleton. It was deposited in a straight (possibly supine) position, and it was oriented along the E-W axis, with its cranium to the west. on its right side, near the chin, a coin of Theodosius I was found (Fig. 3). This coin allows to date this burial to Phase C3-D, that is considerably later than the circle itself. Based on analogies to similar constructions from Pomerania, the circle is to be rather dated to the younger phase ofthe Early Roman Period. The chronology of both clay vessels, which were referred to as cinerary urns in the source publication, cannot be determined. The inhumation burial differs from funeral rites which were used by the population of the Wielbark Culture in the Late Roman Period and the early phase of the Migration Period. At that time, however, graves oriented along the E-W axis are recorded in the Cernahov Culture and the Sintana de Mureę Culture. Moreover, they are also found in other areas of the European Barbaricum, although in smaller numbers. In the case of both mentioned cultures, similar graves are related to later phases of usage of cemeteries. As a rule, their furnishings are poorer than those of burials oriented along the N-S axis. This fact was interpreted by some scholars as evidence for the ap¬pearance of Christendom in these territories. Regrettably, this attractive hypothesis cannot be verified in the case of the burial from Błędowo. The presence of the coin from the end of the 4th c. AD in the grave of the Wielbark Culture is completely exceptional. The custom of depositing coins in burials of this culture is mainly dated to Phases C^-C2 and it gradually disappears at the end of this period. Later finds which can be related to burials are recorded only sporadically. The location of the find near the chin may imply that the coin fulfilled the role of a grave good, a so-called Charon’s obol. Finds of bronze coins dating from the last quarter of the 4th c. AD in the territory of the Wielbark Culture are rare. These are mostly stray finds. They concentrate almost exclusively in Pomerelia, in the Elbląg Heights and in the northern part of the Land of Chełmno. It seems that they may be associated not only with trade-related contacts. By virtue of peace treaties made at the end of the 4th c. between the Empire and the Goths, in exchange for protection of the frontiers and providing armed contingents, Gothic tribes were granted, i.a., an opportunity to settle within the frontiers of the Empire and received money subsidies. Perhaps the coin from Błędowo is a trace of subsidies paid to the Goths for their allied services, whose value reached its peak in the 5th c. AD. A similar possibility was mentioned in the context of finds from the Cernahov Culture. The burial from Błędowo should be most probably related to influences reaching the territory of Pomerelia from the territories of the Cernahov Culture or the Sintana de Mureę Culture. Numerous elements which point to intense relations of the Land of Chełmno with south-eastern Europe at the end of Antiquity testify to a significant role of the local society in contacts with the outer world. The inhumation grave discovered in the stone circle at Błędowo perfectly fits into this image.

Aktywne programy rynku pracy: szacunki funkcji dopasowań dla Polski z wykorzystaniem danych regionalnych

100%

Woźniak M.

Ekonomista

2015

issue 1

15-41

Artykuł podejmuje próbę oceny efektów aktywnych programów rynku pracy (ALMP) w Polsce. Analiza obejmuje okres od 1 kw. 2006 r. do 4 kw. 2012 r. Aby ocenić efektywność tych programów, dokonano estymacji funkcji dopasowań i zbadano wpływ programów szkoleniowych i stażowych na proces łączenia uczestników rynku pracy i na stopę bezrobocia. W tym celu oszacowano dynamiczne modele ekonometryczne z wykorzystaniem danych panelowych dla 16 województw. Wyniki wskazują na większą efektywność zatrudnieniową programów stażowych: wzrost liczby uczestników staży o 1% implikuje, po upływie trzech kwartałów, spadek liczby bezrobotnych o ok. 0,1%–0,16%. Analiza odpływów do zatrudnienia również wykazała nadproporcjonalnie wysoki udział uczestników staży w ogólnej liczbie nowo obsadzonych stanowisk pracy. Natomiast programy szkoleniowe, w świetle przeprowadzonych obliczeń, należy uznać za nieefektywne. Nie stwierdzono ich istotnego wpływu na poziom stopy bezrobocia, a analiza odpływów do zatrudnienia wskazała na stosunkowo niski udział w nich uczestników szkoleń, co z kolei wydłuża okres poszukiwania zatrudnienia.

The paper attempts at the evaluation of the effects of the active labour market programs (ALMP) in Poland. The analysis covers the period between the 1st quarter of 2006 and the 4th quarter of 2012. In order to assess the effects of the ALMP on employment and unemployment, the author has estimated the matching function and analysed the impact of schooling and traineeship programs on pairing the labour market agents and on the unemployment rate. To this aim, dynamic econometric models have been estimated using panel data for 16 voivodeships. The results indicate a higher employment effi ciency of the traineeship programs: an increase in the number of trainees by 1% implies, after three quarters, a decrease in the number of unemployed by ca 0.1–0.16%. The analysis of the outfl ows to employment has also revealed an over-proportional share of trainees in the total number of the newly fi lled job. The schooling programs, on the other hand, appear to be ineffective in the light of the calculations. These programs do not show any signifi cant impact on the unemployment rate, and the analysis of outfl ows to employment has shown a relatively low proportion of the former participants of the schooling programs, which lengthens the period of job seeking.

В статье делается попытка оценить результаты применения активных программ рынка труда (ALMP) в Польше. Анализ охватывает период с первого квартала 2006 г. до четвертого квартала 2012 г. Чтобы оценить эффективность этих программ, была проведена эстимация функции адаптации и проведено исследование влияния программ обучения и стажировок на процесс активизации участников рынка труда и на норму безработицы. С этой целью была сделана оценка динамичных эконометрических моделей с использованием панельных данных для 16 воеводств. Результаты показали, что наибольшую эффективность имели программы стажировок: рост количества участников стажировок на 1% по истечении трёх кварталов ведет к понижению количества безработных на около 0,1–0,16%. Анализ выявил также высокую долю участников стажировок в общем количестве впервые занятых рабочих мест. Программы обучения, в свете проведенных расчётов, следует признать как неэффективные. Не выявлено их существенного влияния на уровень безработицы, а анализ оттоков в сферу занятости указал на относительно низкую долю в них участников обучения, что в свою очередь продлевает период поиска занятости.

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1 Ekonomista

1 Światowit

2 Woźniak M.

1 2015

1 2012

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Groby i krąg kamienny z Błędowa w pow. wąbrzeskim (dawne Blandau, Kr. Culm)

Aktywne programy rynku pracy: szacunki funkcji dopasowań dla Polski z wykorzystaniem danych regionalnych