Pavel Haas’s opera Charlatan (composed between 1934 and 1937 and premiered in 1938) has recently been interpreted by the American musicologist Michael Beckerman as a “premonition” of the Holocaust. The present study aims to provide a complementary view of the opera, based on a thorough scrutiny of its literary (rather than historical) context; it explores the complex intertextual network of literary sources on which the opera draws, including Josef Winckler’s novel Doctor Eisenbart, various historical forms of fairground theatre (including commedia dell’arte), and the archetypal figures of Faust, Don Juan, and Don Quixote.