EN
The 2008 American election campaign witnessed the emergence of a symbolic and ideological conflict between traditional conceptions of race and ethnicity, characterized by exclusive categories and ethnic and racial hierarchies, and newer understandings, characterized by openness, hybridity, and cosmopolitanism. In his personal history and his refusal to define his identity in traditional ways, Barack Obama came to personify the emergence of the possibility of a post-racial and post-ethnic America, in which the mixing of peoples and cultures creates new possibilities for individual identities.