Transforming 21st-century Leader Competencies by Developing Mindfulness

• Authors: Gąsiorowska Bogna , Gąsiorowski Paweł
• Languages of publication: EN

Abstracts

EN

Mindful leadership is a competency of the future which enables leaders to effectively function in a challenging and changing VUCA world by being able to focus their attention in three directions: at themselves, at others and at what is happening around them. Mindfulness facilitates intra and interpersonal skills, increases mental fortitude and resistance to time and performance pressure, as well as the ability to think rationally and creatively, which helps us make faster, more rational and innovative decisions to achieve a competitive advantage. Mindfulness also helps us look after co-workers and our own welfare, making it an important factor in preventing occupational burnout. The article assumes an evidence-based approach which, based on the state of the research, indicates that it is viable to conduct positive interventions using a robust theoretical framework and documented empirical research results.

Keywords

EN

competencies of the future; attention management; mindfulness; MBSR; self-regulation; mental fortitude; mental training; effectiveness

• Publisher: Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie
• Journal: e-mentor
• Year: 2019
• Issue: 5 (82)
• Pages: 52-61

Contributors

author

Gąsiorowska Bogna

author

Gąsiorowski Paweł

• WSB University in Gdansk

References

• AMRA. (2019). American Mindfulness Research Associacion. Retrieved from https://goamra.org/journal-articles-on-mindfulness-continue-to-grow-in-2018/
• Babik, W. (2012). Ekologia informacji katalizatorem równoważenia rozwoju społeczeństwa informacji i wiedzy. Zagadnienia Informacji Naukowej, 2(100), 48-65.
• Bakhshi, H., Downing, J., Osborne, M., & Schneider, P. (2017). The Future of Skills: Employment in 2030. London: Pearson and Nesta. Retrieved from https://futureskills.pearson.com/research/assets/pdfs/technical-report.pdf
• Bandura, A. (1989). Human agency in social cognitive theory. American Psychologist, 44(9), 1175-1184. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.9.1175
• Bennis, W., & Nanus, B. (1985). Leaders: Strategies for Taking Charge. New York: Harper & Row. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.3930240409
• Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J. . Devins, G. (2004). Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition. Clinical Psychology: Science & Practice, 11(3), 230-241. https://doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bph077
• Brach, T. (2003). Radical Acceptance. New York: Random House.
• Brewer, J. A., Worhunsky, P. D., Gray, J. R., Tang, Y-Y., Weber, J., & Kober, H. (2011). Meditation experience is associated with differences in default mode network activity and connectivity. PNAS, 108(50), 20254-20259. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1112029108
• Chabris, C., & Simons, D. (2011). The Invisible Gorilla: How Our Intuitions Deceive Us. New York: Harmony Books.
• Charbotel, B., Croidieu, S., Vohito, M., Guerin, A.-C., Renaud, L., Jaussaud, J., .. Bergeret, A. (2009). Working conditions in call-centers, the impact on employee health: a transversal study. Part II. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 82(6), 747-756. DOI: 10.1007/s00420-008-0351-z
• Dohrenwend, B. P., Shrout, P. E., Egri, G., & Mendelsohn, F. S. (1980). Nonspecific psychological distress and other dimensions of psychopathology. Archives of General Psychiatry, 37(11), 1229-1236. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1980.01780240027003
• Drucker, P. F. (2009). Menedżer skuteczny. Warszawa: Wyd. MT Biznes.
• Forster, S., & Lavie, N. (2014). Distracted by your mind? Individual differences in distractibility predict mind wandering. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 40(1), 251-260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0034108
• Germer, Ch. (2009). The Mindful Path to Self-Compassion. New York: Guilford Press.
• Gilbert, P. (2009). The Compassionate Mind. London: Constable & Robinson.
• Goleman, D. (1999). Inteligencja emocjonalna w praktyce. Poznań: Media Rodzina.
• Goleman, D., & Davidson, R. (2018). Trwała przemiana. Poznań: Media Rodzina.
• Grossman, P., Niemann, L., Schmidt, S., & Walach, H. (2004). Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits. A meta-analysis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 57(1), 35-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3999(03)00573-7
• Hanson, R., & Mendius, R. (2009). Buddha's Brain the practical neuroscience of happiness, love & wisdom. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications.
• Jakubczak, M. (2010). Rozwijanie uważności na co dzień. Warszawa: Difin.
• Kabat-Zinn, J. (2012). Życie piękna katastrofa. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Czarna Owca.
• Kabat-Zinn, J. (1982). An outpatient program in behavioral medicine for chronic pain patients based on the practice of mindfulness meditation: Theoretical considerations and preliminary results. General Hospital Psychiatry, 4(1), 33-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/0163-8343(82)90026-3
• Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1973). On the psychology of prediction. Psychological Review, 80(4), 237-251. DOI: 10.1037/h0034747
• Kahneman D., & Tversky A. (1979). Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk. Econometrica, 47(2), 263-292. https://doi.org/10.1142/9789814417358_0006
• Kahneman, D. (2012). Pułapki myślenia. Poznań: Media Rodzina.
• Killingsworth, M. A., & Gilbert, D. T. (2010). A Wandering Mind Is an Unhappy Mind. Science, 330(6006), 932. DOI: 10.1126/science.1192439
• Lesyk, J. (1998a). Developing Sport Psychology Within Your Clinical Practice: A Practical Guide for Mental Health Professionals. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
• Lesyk, J. (1998b). Nine mental skills of successful athletes. Retrieved from https://www.sportpsych.org/nine-mental-skills-overview
• Moore, B. E., & Fine, B. D. (1996). Słownik psychoanalizy. Warszawa: Jacek Santorski & CO Wydawnictwo.
• Moore, A., Gruber, Th., Derose, J., & Malinowski, P. (2012). Regular brief mindfulness meditation practice improves electrophysiological markers of attention control. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6(18). DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00018
• Neff, K., (2003a). Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2, 85-101. DOI: 10.1080/15298860390129863
• Neff, K., (2003b). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2, 223-250. DOI: 10.1080/15298860390209035
• Neff, K. (2011). Self-Compassion. New York: Morrow.
• Nęcka, E., Orzechowski, J., & Szymura, B. (2019). Psychologia poznawcza. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
• Rogers, R., & Monsell, S. (1995). The costs of a predictable switch between simple cognitive tasks. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 124 (2), 207-231. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.124.2.207
• Rönnlund, M., Koudriavtseva, A., Germundsjö, L., Ericsson, T., Aström, E., & Cerelli, M. G. (2019). Mindfulness, 10, 1579-1591. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-019-01113-x
• Rubinstein, J. S., Meyer, D. E., & Evans, J. E. (2001). Executive Control of Cognitive Processes in Task Switching. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 27(4) , 763-797. https://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/releases/xhp274763.pdf
• Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G., & Teasdale, J. D. (2002). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: A new approach to preventing relapse. New York: The Guilford Press.
• Shapiro, S. L, Wang, M. C., & Peltason, E. H. (2015). What is mindfulness, and why should organizations care about it? In: J. Reb, & P. W. B. Atkins (Eds.), Mindfulness in organizations. Foundations, Research, and Applications (pp. 17-41). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107587793
• Smith, M. B. (1974). Competence and adaptation. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 28(1), 11-15.
• Stolarski, M., Vowinckel, J., Jankowski, K. S., & Zajenkowski, M. (2016). Mind the balance, be contended: balanced time perspective mediates the relationship between mindfulness and life satisfaction. Personality and Individual Differences, 93, 27-31. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.09.039
• Tan, Ch-M. (2017). Poszukaj w sobie. Zaskakujący sposób na sukces i szczęście (oraz pokój na świecie). Łódź: Galaktyka.
• Travis, F., & Shear, J. (2010). Focused attention, open monitoring and automatic self-transcending: categories to organize meditations from Vedic, Buddhist and Chinese traditions. Consciousness and cognition, 19(4), 1110-1118. DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2010.01.007
• Treadway, M. T., & Lazar, S. (2009). The Neurobiology of Mindfulness. In F. Didonna (Ed.), Clinical Handbook of Mindfulness (pp. 45-57). New York: Springer Science + Business Media. DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-09593-6_4
• U.S. Army Heritage and Education Center. (2019). Who first originated the term VUCA (Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity and Ambiguity)? - USAHEC Ask Us a Question. Retrieved from http://www.usawc.libanswers.com
• Unsworth, N., McMillan, B. D., Brewer, G. A., & Spillers, G. J. (2012). Everyday attention failures: An individual differences investigation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 38(6), 1765-1772. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0028075
• Van Leeuwen, S., Singer, W., & Melloni, L. (2012). Meditation increases the depth of information processing and improves the allocation of attention in space. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2012.00133
• Van den Brink, E., Koster, F., & Norton, V. (2018). A Practical Guide to Mindfulness-Based Compassionate Living. London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315268491
• Walach, H., Nord, E., Zier, C., Dietz-Waschkowski, B., Kersig, S., & Schüpbach, H. (2007). Mindfulness-based stress reduction as a method for personnel development: a pilot evaluation. International Journal of Stress Management, 14(2), 188-198. https://doi.org/10.1037/1072-5245.14.2.188
• Williams, J. M., & Krane, V. (1998). Psychological characteristics of peak performance, In J. M. Williams (Ed.), Applied sport psychology: Personal growth to peak performance (pp. 158-170). Mountain View, CA: Mayfield.
• White, B. L. (1971). Fundamental early environmental influences on the development of competence. Paper presented Third Western Symposium on Learning: Cognitive Learning, Washington State College, Bellingham, Washington.
• World Economic Forum. (2018). The Future of Jobs Report 2018. Retrieved from https://www.weforum.org/reports/the-future-of-jobs-report-2018
• Zeidan, F., Martucci, K. T., Kraft, R. A., Gordon, N. S., McHaffie, J. G., & Coghill, R. C. (2010). Brain mechanisms supporting the modulation of pain by mindfulness meditation. The Journal of Neuroscience, 31(14), 5540-5548. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5791-10.2011
• Zimbardo, P. G., & Boyd, J. N. (1999). Putting time in perspective: a valid, reliable individual-differences metric. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(6), 1271-1288. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.6.1271