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2016 | 29 | 85-108

Article title

Japanese Local Community as Socio-Structural Resource for Ecological Lifestyle

Authors

Content

Title variants

Languages of publication

EN

Abstracts

EN
The Fukushima nuclear disaster re-placed in more severe way on the agenda of Japanese society the question of the re-evaluation of an ecological consumption and lifestyle. This article studies the specific features and the development of the environmentally minded lifestyle in Japanese local communities; the enterprising social actors who help disseminate it and spread its values; and the particular way of implementation of well‑established global practices in local Japanese conditions. The purpose of the text is, in proceeding from the concept of ecological lifestyle, to determine the local community as vital socio-structural resource for promotion of ecological consumption in Japan.

Year

Issue

29

Pages

85-108

Physical description

Dates

published
2016-12-01

Contributors

author
  • Bulgarian Academy of Sciences

References

  • Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (mayakeliyan@gmail.com).
  • Taro Gomi, ‘Interview with Mr. Taro Gomi’, The Japan Foundation Newsletter, Vol. 31, No. 4, 2006, p. 3: https://www.jpf.go.jp/j/publish/periodic/jfn/pdf/jfn31_4.pdf (accessed 29.05.2016).
  • Maya Keliyan, Stil na jivot na lokalnata obshtnost: Savremenna Yaponiya [Local Community Life Style: Contemporary Japan], Varna: Alex Print, 2010, pp. 94–95.
  • Mindy Kay Bricker (ed.), The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station Disaster: Investigating the Myth and Reality by the Independent Investigation Commission on the Fukushima Nuclear Accident, London and New York: Routledge, 2014, p. 51.
  • In the sense of the use of the term “communitarian” by Etzioni, see Amitai Etzioni, The Essential Communitarian Reader, New York: Roman and Littlefield, 1998, p. xiii.
  • Keliyan, Stil na jivot…, p. 22–24.
  • See: Charles Wright Mills, White Collar, New York: Oxford University Press, 1951.
  • See: Jean Baudrillard, La Sociètè de Consummation, Paris: Gallimard, 1970.
  • See: Jean-François Lyotard, The Post-Modern Condition, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1979.
  • See: Fredric Jameson, Postmodernism, or the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism. London: Verso, 1991.
  • See: Mike Featherstone, ‘Perspective on Consumer Culture’, Sociology, Vol. 24, 1990, pp. 5–22.
  • Ulrich Beck, Risk Society: Toward a New Modernity, London: Sage, 1992, p. 35.
  • Beck, Risk Society..., p. 22.
  • Keliyan, Stil na jivot…, p. 60.
  • Robert J. Pekkanen, Yutaka Tsujinaka and Hidehiro Yamamoto, Neighborhood Associations and Local Governance in Japan, London: Routlegde, 2014, p. 1.
  • The difference between these structures as they exist in small settlements and in megapolises lies in the ways of participation in their activities and in their functions for the life of the settlement.
  • Maya Keliyan, Yaponiya i Bulgaria: Modeli na razsloenoto potreblenie [Japan and Bulgaria: Stratified Consumption Patterns], Sofia: Valentin Trajanov, 2008, p. 32–33.
  • Fred Hirsh, Social Limits to Growth, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1977, p. 27.
  • William Leiss, ‘The Icons of the Market-Place’, Theory, Culture & Society, Vol. 1, No. 3, 1983, pp. 10–21.
  • Mike Featherstone, ‘Lifestyle and Consumer Culture’, Theory, Culture & Society, Vol. 4, 1987 p. 62.
  • Maya Keliyan, Consumption Patterns and Middle Strata: Bulgaria and Japan. PECOB (Portal on Central Eastern and Balkan Europe), Bologna: University of Bologna Press, 2012, pp. 132–133: http://www.pecob.eu/Consumption-patterns-middle-strata-Bulgaria-Japan (accessed 29.05.2016).
  • Similar organizations, influenced by the already existing European and Japanese ones, were created in USA, but only two decades later, in 1984.
  • Japan Organic Agriculture Association: http://www.joaa.net/english/teikei.htm#ch3-1 (accessed 29.05.2016).
  • Statistical Handbook of Japan for 2009, Tokyo: Statistical Research and Training Institute at Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communication, Statistics Bureau, 2010, p. 182.
  • These surveys were done in the framework of the programs of the Sociology Department of Kyoto University. The first of them was conducted from October 1994 to March 1995 and dealt with “Contemporary Japanese Village: Economic Activity, Social Stratification, and Value System”. The fieldwork took place in three villages of Shiga Prefecture, in a village near to Nagoya, and in a village in the Tamba region of Hyogo Prefecture. The number of interviewed persons was 30. The surveyed were farmers, heads of village communities, leaders of informal and official structures; leaders of Japanese agricultural co-operatives at local level, at village level, and at prefecture level. In the second survey, conducted from July 1997 to January 1998, “The Role of Village Communities in Contemporary Japanese Agriculture”, 20 people were interviewed, including farmers and leaders of two rural communities within the territory of Ōe, a small city in the northern part of Kyoto Prefecture, as well as local administrators of the municipality and the management of the agricultural co-operative. The third survey – “Local Initiatives and Lifestyle of Japanese Municipalities” was conducted in 2004–2005 in Mie Prefecture and what were then the municipalities of Kumano, Owase, and Kiwa. About 30 people were interviewed, including farmers, leaders of rural communities and local administrators. Fourth survey was conducted in the area of Kumano city during 2012-2013 with 21 respondents on the topic of “Local Communities in Kumano: Local Initiatives, Traditions and Protection from Natural Disasters” and fifth survey was on “City farming in Kyoto: Case Studies in Ichijoji and Kamigamo” during which 18 people (local farmers and residents) were interviewed. In all surveys, the information was gathered using 5 different questionnaires, according to the particular features of the respondents; and the case study method was used. The results are not representative, but they do contain useful information that permits drawing conclusions about the problems and development of Japanese villages and agriculture.
  • They do not work in any other sector of the economy.
  • This village was visited during the fieldwork in February 1995.
  • In 1921, the pioneer of Japanese co-operative movement – Toyohiko Kagawa established Kobe Consumer Co-operative and Nada Consumer Co-operative (later they were merged and became Co-op Kobe) in Kobe.
  • This organization is federation of consumer co-operatives in Japan at national level. All its member co-operatives operate their businesses independently of each other and currently JCCU represents 571 co-operative societies.
  • Japanese Consumer Co-operatives: http://jccu.coop/eng/aboutus/history.php (accessed 29.05.2016).
  • The Coop 2014 – Facts and Figures, Tokyo: JCCU, 2015, p. 3: http://jccu.coop/eng/public/index.php (accessed 29.05.2016).
  • Community based retail co-operatives serve local residents through home delivery, store and catalog sales.
  • The Coop 2014 – Facts and Figures…, p. 5.
  • Ruth Gruber, ‘The consumer co-op in Japan: building democratic alternatives to state-led capitalism’ in Consumption: Critical Concepts in the Social Sciences, Daniel Miller (ed.), Vol. 2, London and New York: Routledge, 2001/1999, p. 308.
  • In the backyards of one-family homes and in between-floor spaces of residential buildings there are small storage spaces with refrigerators in which suppliers leave the ordered goods. Orders are made by telephone, Internet, and, very often recently, by mobile phones. This way of ordering saves time and facilitates employed women in particular, but is popular among housewives as well.
  • Japanese Consumer Co-operatives: http://jccu.coop/eng/business/home.php (accessed 29.05.2016).
  • During recent years individual home delivery services raised in popularity but they have not reached the volume of collective purchases: for the year 2014 the sales of the former are 1 120 billion yen compare to the 1 697 billion yen for the later – The Coop 2014 – Facts and Figures…, p. 5.
  • Ann Hoyt, ‘Consumer ownership in Capitalist Economies: Applications of Theory to Consumer Cooperation’ in Co-operatives and Local Development: Theory and Applications for the 21st Century, Christopher D. Merret and Norman Walzer (eds.), Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe, 2004, p. 279.
  • Activities of such groups were studied during 2012-2013 in the framework of the “City farming in Kyoto: Case Studies in Ichijoji and Kamigamo” research, as well as during 2015-2016 in local community in Katsurakazaka, Kyoto.
  • Seikatsu Club Consumers' Co-operative Union: http://www.seikatsuclub.coop/about/rengo_about_e.html (accessed 29.05.2016).
  • Think and Act Data Book, Tokyo: Seikatsu Club Consumers’ Co-operative Union, 2015, p. 12: http://seikatsuclub.coop/about/pdf/web-SCAnnualReport2015_English.pdf (accessed 29.05.2016).
  • JCCUNews, 3 March 2016, p. 1: http://jccu.coop/eng/jccunews/pdf/201603_jccunews.pdf (accessed 29.05.2016).
  • Since the accident till the end of 2015 the co-op conducted 83 849 tests Think and Act Data Book…, p. 1.
  • JCCUNews, 4 March 2016, p. 1, http://jccu.coop/eng/jccunews/pdf/201604_jccunews.pdf (accessed 29.05.2016).
  • I mention Kyoto because my research on city farming was conducted in two suburban local communities in the old capital.
  • Like in Northern part of Kyoto around Kitayama street or on the North-East around Shirakawa street.
  • FY2011 Annual Report on Food, Agriculture and Rural Areas in Japan, Tokyo: MAFF, 2012, p. 27: http://www.maff.go.jp/j/wpaper/w_maff/h23/pdf/e_all.pdf (accessed 29.05.2016).
  • FY2010 Annual Report on Food, Agriculture and Rural Areas in Japan, Tokyo: MAFF, 2011, p. 43, http://www.maff.go.jp/e/annual_report/2010/pdf/e_3.pdf (accessed 29.05.2016).
  • FY2014 Annual Report on Food, Agriculture and Rural Areas in Japan, Tokyo: MAFF, 2015, p. 23: http://www.maff.go.jp/e/pdf/fy2014.pdf (accessed 29.05.2016).
  • Kunio Tsubota, Urban Agriculture in Asia: Lessons from Japanese Experience, p. 14: http://www.agnet.org/htmlarea_file/activities/20110719103448/paper-997674935.pdf (accessed 26.05.2016).
  • I visited these farms again during 2015 and 2016, just to observe their activities without conducting special research.
  • The interviewed urban farmers shared their disappointment with the fact that some of the townsfolk ignore the farm labor, looking down on farming as the work of the three Ks – in Japanese kiken – 危険 (dangerous), kitanai – きたない (dirty) and kitsui – きつい (hard).
  • The government policy toward urban agriculture and especially concerning urban farm land taxation has been controversial and ambiguous during decades after high economic growth. Farm land in urban areas was divided into urbanization promotion area and urbanization control area and taxes depend on the category of land, as well as urbanization promotion area and urbanization control area and taxes depend on the category of land, as well as on region, etc.
  • On April 22, 2015 was promulgated new Japan’s Urban Farming Promotion Basic Act (都市農業振興基本法案). The new Act obligates national and local governments to promote urban farming: http://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_gian.nsf/html/gian/honbun/houan/g18902005.htm (accessed 29.05.2016), in Japanese.
  • Every suburban farm in Kamigamo keep in deep secret its special receipt for preparing suguki establishing something like a “brand product”.
  • Farmer’s wife from above mentioned urban family farm in Kamigamo sometimes also was selling vegetables in this way, on the streets of North and Western part of Kyoto where this form of trade is permitted by Kyoto municipality.

Document Type

Publication order reference

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YADDA identifier

bwmeta1.element.desklight-0a67f8d7-da94-44ac-9654-7c0076140135
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