On the Hulaguid Khans’ Attitude towards the Sufi Sheikhs

• Authors: Akhundova Nargiz
• Languages of publication: EN

Abstracts

This article describes the historical role of Sufism in the adoption of Islam by the Hulaguids and explains why Sufism was the easiest approach for the Mongol pagans.This study also further supports the assertion that Sufism was one of the most successful forms in which Islam spread. The Mongol rulers, having established central power in the cities of South Azerbaijan – Tabriz, Sultaniye, Maragha – nevertheless endured constant pressure from the Mongol nobility, which unlike the ruling Hulaguid dynasty formed a serious political opposition. To establish themselves in this territory, the Mongolrulers needed the support of the local Muslim population. The only way to ensure this support was to accept Islam as a state religion, which was done by Ghazan Khan. However, this process took time. The Islamic religion seemed too complicated to the Turko-Mongol pagans and shamanists. The most accessible form in which the Islamic religion could be perceived was thus Sufism, which appealed to them with its mystical elements, tales of miraculous healings, and even curses of Sufi sheikhs. In turn, the sheikhs of the Sufi orders sought friendly relations with the Hulaguid rulers in order to achieve their highest goal – the spread of Islam. In return, the Hulaguid rulers gave them much financial and moral support, which the Sufis enjoyed (as clearly indicated in the letters of Rashid al-Din Fadl-allah, most thoroughly studied by E. Browne at the beginning of the 20th century). It was obviously a multi-hued process, rich with interesting events and accompanied by vivid episodes related in sources. I have collected and used wide-ranging examples from a variety of sources and scholars in one article. I cite the works of Al-Juvaini, Mustouvi Kazvini, Rashid al-din Fadl-allah, Fadl-allah ibn Ruzbihan Khunji, Tawakkul ibn Bazzaz, together with research, editing and translation of these sources by modern scholars.

Keywords

EN

Ilkhanate; Uljaytu Khan; Sheikh Safi al-din; Sufism; Golden Horde

• Publisher: Polskie Towarzystwo Orientalistyczne
• Journal: Przegląd Orientalistyczny
• Year: 2023
• Issue: 1-2 (285-286)
• Pages: 3-16

Contributors

author

Akhundova Nargiz

• Uniwersytet Warszawski

References

• Abbaslı, Mirza. Safevilerin Kökenine dair. Belleten, C.XL, Ankara, 1976, pp. 287–324.
• ‘Abd al-Muhammad Āyatī, Taḥrīr-e Tarikh-e Waṣaf, Tehran, 1967.
• Abū al-Qasim ‘Abdullah bin Muhammad al-Qashshānī, Tarikh-e Uljaytū, Tehran 1348 h.
• Ali Zadeh, Али-заде, А. А. Социально-экономическая и политическая история Азербайджана в XIII–XIV вв. Баку, 2012.
• Akhundova, Ахундова, Н. Ф. Туркманские династии. Баку, 2016.
• Akhundova, Ахундова, Н. Ч. и Гусейн-заде Р.А. Кавказ и великие тюркские империи. Баку, 2012.
• Aşurbəyli S. Şirvanşahlar dövləti. Bakı, 2009.
• Aubin, Jean. “Shaykh İbrahim Zahid Gilani (1218?–1301)”. Turcica. Revue D’etudes Turques, vol. 21–23, 1991, pp. 39–53.
• Barthold, Бартольд В. В. Персидская надпись на стене Анийской мечети Мануче. СПб., 1911.
• Blair, S. The Mongol Capital of Sulṭāniyya. ‘The Imperial’. Iran: Vol. 24, 1986, pp. 142–151.
• Browne, Edward G. A History of Persian Literature in Modern Times (1500–1924). Cambridge University Press, 1924.
• Browne, Edward G. Persian Literature under Tartar Dominion. Cambridge University Press, 1920.
• Bunyatov, Буниятов, З. М. Государство Хорезмшахов-Ануштегинидов (1097–1231). Москва, 1986.
• Chingis Khan, Чингисхан, Сокровенное сказание. Издательство Эксмо, Москва, 2012.
• Faḍlullah Rashīd ad-Dīn, Jami’u al-Tawarikh. Vol. 3, texts compilated by Abdulkerim Alizadeh, Baku, 1957.
• Fadlullah b. Ruzbihan Kbunji’s Tarikh-i ‘Alam-Ara-yi Amini. Хунджи, Фазлуллах ибн Рузбихан.
• Тарих-и аламара-йи Амини, Перевод с английского Т. А. Минорской. Под редакцией и с пред-
• исловием З. М. Буниятова и О. А. Эфендиева, Баку, 1978.
• Ḥamdullah Mustawafī , Tarikh-e Gozideh, Tehran, 1984.
• Hodgson, Ходжсон, М. История ислама: Исламская цивилизации от рождения до наших дней,
• Перевод с английского А.Н.Гордиенко, И. В. Матвеева, Н.В.Шевченко, Москва, 2013.
• Īsma’il ibn Bazzāz Darwish, Saffat ul-Safā, Tehran 1377 h.
• Kadyrbaev, Кадырбаев, А. Ш. Азербайджан – «яблоко раздора» монгольских империй XIII–XIV вв. Transcaucasica. Южный Кавказ и сопредельные регионы в эпоху монгольского влады- чества XIII–XIV вв, Под редакцией З. В. Кананчева, Москва, 2013.
• Khanykov, N.V. News of the Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan SSR, Academy of Sciences of
• Azerbaijan SSR, Publishing House of Azerbaijan SSR AS, 1988.
• Krymskiy, Крымский, А. История Персии, ея литературы и дервишской теософии, vol. III. Москва, 1914–1917.
• Lane, George. “The Mongol in Iran”. Ch. X. The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History, 2011.
• Lane, George. “Argun Aqa“. Iranian Studies, vol. 32, no. 4, 1999.
• Manaqib-al-arifan, edited T. Yazıchı, 1976–80, V.II, p. 858–860.
• Melville, Ch., and B. De Nicola. The Mongol’s Middle East: Continuity and Transformation in Ilkhanid Iran. Brill, 2016.
• Nadelyaev, B.M. et al (ed.) Древнетюркский словарь. Академия Наук СССР. Институт Языкоз-нания, Ленинград, 1969.
• Narrative of the Embassy of Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo to the court of Timur at Samarcand, A.D. 1403/6, translated by Clements Markham, London: Hakluyt Society, 1859.
• Pfeiffer, J. Conversion Versions: Sultan Oljeytu’s Conversion to Shi’izm (709/1309) in Muslim Narrative Sources. Mongolian Studies XXII, Chicago, 1999.
• Rashid-ad-Din, Рашидад-Дин Фазлуллах. Джами-ат-таварих. Баку, 2011. NR 1–2 ON THE HULAGUID KHANS’ ATTITUDE… 15
• Rixtim, M. Seyid Yəhya Bakuvi və Xəlvətilik. Bakı, 2005.
• Şeyh Safi Buyruğu. Hazırlayan D. Doğan. Ankara, 2015.
• Şeyx Səfi Təzkirəsi. Səfvət-üs-səfa-nın XVI əsr türk tərcüməsi. Bakı, 2006.
• Sümer, F. Sefevi devletinin kuruluşu ve gelişmesinde Anadolu türklerinin rolü. Ankara: TTK, 1992.
• Tabuldin, Табулдин, Г. Ж. Чингизиды: алфавит имён. Кокшетау, 2012.
• Tārīkh-e ‘Ālam-ārā-ye Amīnī: “Sharh-e ḥokmrani-ye salaṭīn-e Aq Qoyunlu wa ẓuhur-e Safawiyan”
• The Cambridge History of Iran. Cambridge University Press. London. Vol. 6, 1986.
• Tiesenhausen, Тизенгаузен, В. Г. Сборник материалов, относящихся к истории Золотой Орды. СПб., 1884, том I.
• Vəlixanlı, N. Azərbaycan VII–XII əsrlərdə: tarix, mənbələr, şərhlər. Bakı, 2016.
• Fot. 1. In honor of Babi Yaqub the mausoleum was constructed in Babi village (Fuzuli

Identifiers

DOI

10.33896/POrient.2023.1–2.1