Full-text resources of CEJSH and other databases are now available in the new Library of Science.
Visit https://bibliotekanauki.pl

PL EN


2010 | 41 | 2 | 58-66

Article title

Thirty-Five Years of Research on Neuro-Linguistic Programming. NLP Research Data Base. State of the Art or Pseudoscientific Decoration?

Content

Title variants

Languages of publication

EN

Abstracts

EN
The huge popularity of Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP) therapies and training has not been accompanied by knowledge of the empirical underpinnings of the concept. The article presents the concept of NLP in the light of empirical research in the Neuro-Linguistic Programming Research Data Base. From among 315 articles the author selected 63 studies published in journals from the Master Journal List of ISI. Out of 33 studies, 18.2% show results supporting the tenets of NLP, 54.5% - results non-supportive of the NLP tenets and 27.3% brings uncertain results. The qualitative analysis indicates the greater weight of the non-supportive studies and their greater methodological worth against the ones supporting the tenets. Results contradict the claim of an empirical basis of NLP.

Year

Volume

41

Issue

2

Pages

58-66

Physical description

Contributors

  • Klub Sceptyków Polskich [Polish Sceptics Club], ul. Ciepła 15A/31, PL 50-524 Wrocław, Poland

References

  • Abramowitz, E. G., & Lichtenberg, P. (2009). Hypnotherapeutic olfactory conditioning (HOC): Case studies of needle phobia, panic disorder, and combat-induced PTSD.International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 57, 184-197.
  • Alder, H. (1992). A model for personal success.Management Decision, 30.
  • Bandler, R., & Grinder, J. (1979).Frogs into Princes, Moab, UT: Real People Press.
  • Beck, C. E., & Beck, E. A. (1984). Test of the eye movement hypothesis of Neurolinguistic Programming: a rebuttal of conclusions.Perceptual and Motor Skills, 58, 175-176.
  • Boden, C., & Giaschi, D. (2007). M-stream deficits and reading-related visual processes in developmental dyslexia.Psychological Bulletin, 133, 346-366.
  • Brown, N. (2004). What makes a good educator? The relevance of meta programmes.Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 29, 515-533.
  • Buckner, M., & Mera, N. M. (1987). Eye movement as an indicator of sensory components in thought.Journal of Counseling Psychology, 34, 283-287.
  • Bull, L. (2009). Survey of complementary and alternative therapies used by children with specific learning difficulties (dyslexia).International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 44, 224-235.
  • Burke, D. T., Meleger, A., Schneider, J. C., Snyder, J., Dorvlo, A. S., & Al-Adawi, S. (2003). Eye-movements and ongoing task processing.Perceptual and Motor Skills, 96, 1330-1338.
  • Cialdini, R. B. (1980). Full-cycle social psychology.Applied Social Psychology Annual, 1, 21-47.
  • Coe, W. C., & Scharcoff, J. A. (1985). An empirical evaluation of the neurolinguistic programming model.International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 33, 310-318.
  • Corballis, M. C. (2000). How laterality will survive the millennium bug.Brain and Cognition, 42, 160-162.
  • Cullen, J., & McLaughlin, A. (2006) What drives the persistence of presenteeism as a managerial value in hotels?: Observations noted during an Irish work-life balance research project.International Journal of Hospitality Management, 25, 510-516.
  • Cyna, A. M., Andrew, M., & Tan, S. G. M. (2009). Communication skills for the anaesthetist.Anaesthesia, 64, 658-665.
  • Dailey, A. L. (1989). Neuro Linguistic Programming in peer counselor education.Journal of College Student Development, 30, 173-175.
  • Davis, S. L., & Davis, D. I. (1983). Neuro-Linguistic Programming and family therapy.Journal of Marital & Family Therapy, 9, 283-291.
  • Dixon, P. N., Parr, G. D., Yarbrough, D., & Rathael, M. (1986). Neurolinguistic programming as a persuasive communication technique.Journal of Social Psychology, 126, 545-550.
  • Dooley, K., & Farmer, A. (1988). Comparison for aphasic and control subjects of eye movements hypothesized in Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP).Perceptual and Motor Skills, 67, 233-234.
  • Dorn, F. J., Brunson, B. I., Bradfor, I., & Atwater, M. (1983). Assessment of primary representational systems with neurolinguistic programming: Examination of preliminary literature.American Mental Health Counselors Association Journal, 5, 161-168.
  • Dowd, T. E., & Hingst, A. G. (1983). Matching therapists' predicates: an in vivo test of effectiveness.Perceptual and Motor Skills, 57, 207-210.
  • Dowd, T. E., & Pety, J. (1982). Effect of counselor predicate matching on perceived social influence and client satisfaction.Journal of Counseling Psychology, 29, 206-209.
  • Drenth, P. J. D. (1999). Prometheus chained: Social and ethical constraints on psychology.European Psychologist, 4, 233-239.
  • Duncan, R. C., Konefal, J., & Spechler, M. M. (1990). Effect of Neurolinguistic Programming training of self-actualization as measured by the Personal Orientation Inventory.Psychological Reports, 66, 1323-1330.
  • Durand, D., Wetzel, J., & Hansen, A. (1989). Computer analysis of sensory predicate use in written and oral communication.Psychological Reports, 65, 675-684.
  • Einspruch, E. L., & Forman, B. D. (1985). Observations concerning research literature on Neurolinguistic Programming.Journal of Counseling Psychology, 32, 589-596.
  • Elich. M., Thompson, R. W., & Miller, L. (1985) Mental imagery as revealed by eye movements and spoken predicates: a test of Neurolinguistic Programming.Journal of Counseling Psychology, 32, 622-625.
  • Ellickson, J. L. (1983). Representational systems and eye movements in an interview.Journal of Counseling Psychology, 30, 339-345.
  • Farmer, A., Rooney, R., & Cunningham, J. R. (1984). Hypothesized eye movements of Neurolinguistic Programming: a statistical artifact.Perceptual and Motor Skills, 61, 717-718.
  • Fromme, D. K., & Daniell, J. (1984). Neurolinguistic Programming examined: imagery, sensory mode, and communication.Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31.
  • Gindis, B. (1992). Soviet psychology on the path of perestroika.Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 23, 114-118.
  • Graunke, B., & Roberts, T. K. (1985). Neurolinguistic programming: The impact of imagery tasks on sensory predicate usage.Journal of Counseling Psychology, 32, 525-530.
  • Grinder, J., & Bandler, R., (1976).The structure of magic II, Palo Alto, Ca: Science and Behavior Books.
  • Gumm, W. B., Walker, M. K., & Day. H. D. (1982). Neurolinguistic Programming: method or myth?Journal of Counseling Psychology, 29.
  • Hammer, A. L. (1983). Matching perceptual predicates: Effect on perceived empathy in a counseling analogue.Journal of Counseling Psychology, 30, 172-179.
  • Heap, M. (1988). Neurolinguistic programming: An interim verdict. In M. Heap (Ed.)Hypnosis: Current Clinical, Experimental and Forensic Practices(pp.268-280). London: Croom Helm.
  • Hossack, A., & Standidge, K. (1993). Using an imaginary scrapbook for neurolinguistic programming in the aftermath of a clinical depression: a case history.Gerontologist, 33, 265-268.
  • Karniol, R. (1995). Stuttering, language, and cognition: A review and a model of stuttering as suprasegmental sentence plan alignment (SPA).Psychological Bulletin, 117, 104-124.
  • Kinsbourne, M. (1974). Direction of gaze and distribution of cerebral thought processes.Neuropsychologia, 12, 279-281.
  • Konefal, J., Duncan, R. C., & Reese, M. (1992). Neurolinguistic programming training, trait anxiety, and locus of control.Psychological Reports, 70, 819-832.
  • Konefal, J., & Duncan, R. C. (1998). Social anxiety and training in neurolinguistic programming.Psychological Reports, 83, 1115-1122.
  • Koziey, P., & McLeod, G. (1987). Visual-kinesthetic dissociation in treatment of victims of rape.Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 18, 276-282.
  • Krugman, M., Kirsch, I., & Wickless, C. (1985). NLP treatment for anxiety: magic or myth?Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53, 526-530.
  • Lakin, J. L., Jefferis, V. E., Cheng, C. M., & Chartrand, T. L. (2003). The chameleon effect as social glue: Evidence for the evolutionary significance of nonconscious mimicry.Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 27, 145-162.
  • Lankton, S. (1980).Practical Magic, Cupertino, Ca: Meta.
  • Lieberman, M. D. (2000). Intuition: A social cognitive neuroscience approach.Psychological Bulletin, 126, 109-137.
  • Singer, M. T., & Lalich, J. (1996). "Crazy" therapies. What are they? Do they work? San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
  • Malloy, T. E., Mitchell, C., & Gordon, O. E. (1987). Training cognitive strategies underlying intelligent problem solving.Perceptual and Motor Skills, 64, 1039-1046.
  • Mathison, J., & Tosey, P. (2008). Riding into transformative learning.Journal of Consciousness Studies, 15, 67-88.
  • Matthews, W. J., Kirsch, I., & Mosher, D. (1985). Double hypnotic induction: an initial empirical test.Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 94, 92-95.
  • Mercier, M. A., & Johnson, M. (1984). Representational system predicate use and convergence in counseling: Gloria revisited.Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31, 161-169.
  • Muss, D. C. (1991). A new technique for treating post-traumatic stress disorder.British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 30, 91-92.
  • Nocross, J. C., Koocher, G. P., & Garofalo, A. (2006). Discredited psychological treatments and tests: A Delphi Poll.Professional Psychology: Research and Practice Copyright, 37, 515-522.
  • Norcross, J. C., Hedges, M., & Prochaska, J. O. (2002). The face of 2010: A Delphi poll on the future of psychotherapy.Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 33, 316-322.
  • Norcross, J. C., & Prochaska, J. O. (1983). Psychotherapists in independent practice: Some findings and issues.Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 14, 869-881.
  • O'Donohue, W., & Ferguson, K. E. (2006). Evidence-Based Practice in Psychology and Behaviour Analysis.The Behaviour Analyst Today, 7, 335-349.
  • Peterson-Cooney, L. (1991). "Effect of Neurolinguistic Programming training on self-actualization as measured by the Personal Orientation Inventory": addendum to the Duncan I. et al. study.Psychological Reports, 68, 593-594.
  • Poffel, S. A., & Cross, H. J. (1985). Neurolinguistic programming: a test of the eye movement hypothesis.Perceptual and Motor Skills, 61, 1262.
  • Rosenthal, R. (1979). The "file drawer problem" and tolerance for null results.Psychologicall Bulletin, 86, 638-641.
  • Sandhu, D. S., Reeves, T. G., & Portes, P. R. (1993). Cross-cultural counseling and neurolinguistic mirroring with native American adolescents.Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 21, 106-118.
  • Sharpley, C. F. (1984). Predicate matching in NLP: a review of research on the preferred representational system.Journal of Counseling Psychology, 31, 238-248.
  • Sharpley, C. F. (1987). Research findings on Neurolinguistic Programming: nonsupportive data or untestable theory?Journal of Counseling Psychology, 34, 103-107.
  • Singh, A., & Abraham, A. (2008). Neuro linguistic programming: A key to business excellence.Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 19, 141-149.
  • Starker, S., & Pankratz, L. (1996). Soundness of treatment: a survey of psychologists' opinions.Psychological Reports, 78, 288-290.
  • Stel, M., van Dijk, E., & Olivier, E. (2009). You Want to Know the Truth? Then Don't Mimic!Psychological Science, 20, 693-699.
  • Swets, J. A., & Bjork, R. A. (1990). Enhancing human performance: An evaluation of "New Age" techniques considered by the U. S. army.Psychological Science, 1, 85-86.
  • Thomason, T. C., Arbuckle, T., & Cady, D. (1980). Test of the eye movement hypothesis of Neurolinguistic Programming.Perceptual and Motor Skills, 51, 230.
  • Tosey, P., & Mathison, J. (2003). Neuro-linguistic programming and learning theory: a response.Curriculum Journal, 14, 371-388.
  • Wertheim, E. H., Habib, C., & Cumming, G. (1986). Test of the neurolinguistic programming hypothesis that eye movements relate to processing imagery.Perceptual and Motor Skills, 62, 523-529.
  • White, S. (2009). The status of the pharmacist.SA Pharmaceutical Journal, 76, 54-55.
  • Wilbur, M. P., & Roberts-Wilbur, J. (1987). Categorizing sensory reception in four modes: support for representational systems.Perceptual and Motor Skills, 64, 875-886.
  • Witkowski, T. (2006). Teoria i praktyka NLP w oczach psychologa społecznego. [The theory and practice of NLP in the eyes of a social psychologist.]Nauka, 4, 55-71.
  • Witkowski, T. (2009)Zakazana psychologia. Pomiedzy szarlatanerią a nauką. Tom 1.[Forbidden psychology. Between scharlatanry and science. Vol. I] Taszów: Wydawnictwo Moderator.
  • Witt, K. (2003). Psychological treatment can modulate the skin reaction to histamine in pllen allergic humans.Psychosomatics, 4, 33-37.
  • Woods, M. D., & Martin, D. (1984). The work of Virginia Satir: Understanding her theory and technique.American Journal of Family Therapy, 12, 3-11.
  • Yapko, M. D. (1984). Implications of the Ericksonian and Neurolinguistic programming approaches for responsibility of therapeutic outcomes.American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 27, 137-143.
  • Yapko, M. D. (1981). The effect of matching primary representational system predicates on hypnotic relaxation.American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 23, 169-175.

Document Type

Publication order reference

Identifiers

YADDA identifier

bwmeta1.element.desklight-5787c7d2-96b4-42fd-a178-be79a000c79c
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.