Die Politik von Xusrō I. Anōšīrvān (531-579) gegenüber Christen in dem Iran

• Authors: MAKSYMIUK Katarzyna

Title variants

EN

The policies of Xusrō I Anōšīrvān (531-579) towards the Christians in Iran

• Languages of publication: DE

Abstracts

EN

It seems that the 6th century military clashes between Byzantium and Iran stemmed, at least to some extent, from religious conflicts. The article offers an attempt to analyze the actions of the king of Iran - Xusrō I taken towards the Christians, especially during the periods of wars. One may observe a certain dose of tolerance towards the Christians in the policies of Xusrō I, as the persecutions were generally directed against the apostates from Masdaism. Xusrō I supported the Persian/Teodorian Church, with parallel attempts to subduing it to the crown. It seems that support of developing miaphysite Church aimed at strengthening Iranian influence in the border areas.

Keywords

EN

Iran; Persian Church; Sassanid Empire; Xusrō I

• Publisher: Uniwersytet w Siedlcach
• Journal: Historia i Świat
• Year: 2015
• Issue: 4
• Pages: 123-134

Dates

published

2015

Contributors

author

MAKSYMIUK Katarzyna

• Instytut Historii i Stosunków Międzynarodowych Uniwersytet Przyrodniczo-Humanistyczny w Siedlcach

References

• AAPM - Ausgewählte Akten persischer Märtyrer: mit einem Anhang: Ostsyrisches Mönchsleben, tr. O. BRAUN, München 1915.
• Agath. - Agathiae Myrinaei historiarum libri quinque, ed. R. KEYDELL, Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae 2, Berlin 1967.
• Anecdota Syriaca - Joannis Episcopi Ephesi monophysitae scripta historica quotquot adhuc inedita supererant, t. 2, ed. J. P. N. LAND, Leiden 1868.
• APM - Auszüge aus syrischen Akten persischer Märtyrer, G. HOFFMANN, Leipzig 1880.
• Bar‘Ebroyo - Gregorii Bar Hebraei Chronicon Ecclesiasticum, eds. B. ABBELOOS, TH. LAMY, Louvain 1877.
• BHO - Bibliotheca Hagiographica Orientalis, ed. P. PEETERS, Subsidia Hagiographica 10, Bruxellis 1910.
• Chr. 1234 - Chronicon anonymum ad a.c. 1234 pertinens, ed. J. B. CHABOT, Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium 109, Louvain 1937; PALMER A. (1993), The Seventh Century in the West-Syrian Chronicles, Liverpool, 111 - 221.
• Chr. 724 - Chronicon Miscellaneum ad a. d. 724 pertinens, ed. J. B. CHABOT, Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium 3, Paris 1904; PALMER A. (1993), The Seventh Century in the West-Syrian Chronicles, Liverpool, 14 - 23.
• Chr. Arbela - Die Chronik von Arbela, ed. E. SACHAU, Berlin 1915.
• Chr. Seert. - Anonyme. Histoire nestorienne inédite chronique de Séert, ed. A. I. SCHER, Patrologia Orientalis 7. 2, Paris 1950.
• Evagr. HE - The Ecclesiastical History of Evagrius, eds. J. BIDEZ, L. PARMENTIER, London 1898.
• Histoire d’Ahoudommeh - Histoire d’Ahoudommeh et de Marouta, métropolitains jacobites de Tagrit et de l’Orient (VIe et VIIe siecles), ed. F. NAU, Patrologia Orientalis 3, Turnhout 1982.
• Iohannes Epiphanus - Iohannes Epiphanus, ed. C. MÜLLER, Fragmenta Historicum Graecorum 4, Paris 1851, 272 - 276.
• Jac. Ede. Chron.- Chronicon Jacobi Edesseni, ed. E. W. BROOKS, Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium 5, Paris 1955; PALMER A. (1993), The Seventh Century in the West-Syrian Chronicles, Liverpool, 36 - 40.
• Joh. Eph. HE - The Third Part of the Ecclesiastical History of John Bishop of Ephesus, tr. R. PAYNE Smith, Oxford 1860.
• Joh. Eph. Lives - John of Ephesus. Lives of the Eastern Saints, ed. E. W. BROOKS, Patrologia Orientalis 17. 18. 19, Paris 1923-1925.
• Malalas - Ioannis Malalae Chronographia, ed. J. THURN, Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae 35, Berlin/New York 2000.
• Maris Amri et Slibae - Maris Amri et Slibae: de patriarchis nestorianorum commentaria ... , ed. H. GISMONDI, Romae 1897.
• Mart. Gol. - La passion géorgienne de sainte Golinduch: Traduction latine du texte géorgien, tr. G. GARITTE, Analecta Bollandiana 74 (1956), 405 - 440; Sainte Golinduch, martyre perse (m. 13.7.591), tr. P. PEETERS, Analecta Bollandiana 62, (1944), 74 - 125.
• Mart. Shir. - Sainte Sirin martyre sous Khosrau Ier Anosarvan, ed. P. DEVOS, Analecta Bollandiana 64, (1946), 87-131; La jeune martyre perse sainte Shirin (†559), tr. P. DEVOS, Analecta Bollandiana 112, (1994), 4 - 31.
• Menander Protector - Menandri Protectoris, ed. C. MÜLLER, Fragmenta Historicum Graecorum 4, Paris 1851, 201 - 269.
• Mika’el Rabo - Chronique de Michel le Syrien, ed. J. B. CHABOT, Paris 1899-1910.
• Proc. Bella - Procopius. History of the Wars, ed. H. B. DEWING, The Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, Mass. 1914-1940.
• Ps. Dion. II. - Incerti auctoris Chronicon Pseudo-Dionysianum vulgo dictum, ed. J. B. CHABOT, Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium 91, Paris 1927; Pseudo-Dionysius of Tel-Mahre, Chronicle, known also as the Chronicle of Zuqnin. Part III, tr. W. WITAKOWSKI, Liverpool 1996; The Chronicle of Zuqnin, parts 3 and 4: A.D. 488-775, tr. A. HARRAK, Toronto 1999.
• Sebeos - The Armenian History attributed of Sebeos, tr. R. W. THOMSON, Liverpool 1999.
• Socr. HE – Socrates, Kirchengeschichte, ed. G.C. HANSEN, Berlin 1995.
• Synodicon Orientale - Synodicon Orientale, Recueil de synodes nestoriens, ed. J. B. CHABOT, Paris 1902.
• Tabarī - Annales quos scripsit Abu Djafar Mohammed ibn Djarir at-Tabari, ed. M. J. DE GOEJE, Leiden 1893; The Sāsānids, the Byzantines, the Lakhmids, and Yemen, tr. C. E. BOSWORTH, New York 1999.
• Th. Sim. - Theophylact Simocatta. Historiae, ed. C. de Boor, rev. P. WIRTH, Stuttgart 1962.
• The Rauzat-us-safa - The Rauzat-us-safa, or, Garden of purity: containing the histories of prophets, kings, and khalifs by Muhammad bin Khâvendshâh bin Mahmûd, commonly called Mirkhond, tr. E. REHATSEK., London 1892.
• V. Ioh. ep. Tell. - Eliae Metropolitae Nisibeni: Vitae Iohannis episcopi Tellae, Vitae Virorum apud Monophysitas celeberrimorum, ed. E. W. BROOKS, Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, Scriptores Syri 7-8, Paris 1907.
• Yeshu' the Stylite - The chronicle of Joshua the Stylite: composed in Syriac A.D. 507, ed. W. WRIGHT, Cambridge 1882.
• Zach. HE - Historia Ecclesiastica Zachariae Rhetori vulgo adscripta, ed. / tr. E. W. BROOKS, Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, Scriptores Syri 39, 42, Paris 1924.
• ABRAMOWSKI L. (2011), Der Bischof von Seleukia-Ktesiphon als Katholikos und Patriarch der Kirche des Ostens. [in:] Syrien im 1.-7. Jahrhundert nach Christus. Akten der 1. Tübinger Tagung zum Christlichen Orient (15.-16. Juni 2007), D. BUMAZHNOV, H. SEELIGER (Hgg.), Tübingen, 1 - 55.
• ANDRADE N. (2009), The Syriac Life of John of Tella and the Frontier Politeia, „Hugoye”, 12.2, 199 - 234.
• BAUM W., WINKLER D. W. (2000), Die Apostolische Kirche des Ostens, Geschichte der sogenannten Teodorianen, Klagenfurt.
• BECKER A. (2009), Martyrdom, Religious Difference, and „Fear” as a Category of Piety in the Sasanian Empire: The Case of the Martyrdom of Gregory and the Martyrdom of Yazdpaneh, „Journal of Late Antiquity”, 2. 2, 300 - 336.
• BRENNECKE H. (2010), Das akakianische Schisma: Liberatus, Breviarium 15-18, „Zeitschrift für Antikes Christentum”, 14. 1, 74 - 95.
• BROCK S. (1982), Christians in the Sasanid Empire: a Case of Divided Loyalties, [in:] Religion and National Identity. Studies in Church History XVIII, S. MEWS (Hg.), Oxford, 1 - 19.
• BROCK S. (1996), The Church of the East in the Sasanian Empire up to the sixth century and its absence from the councils in the Roman Empire, [in:] Syriac Dialogue. First Non-Official Consultation on Dialogue within the Syriac Tradition, F. STIRNEMANN, W. GERHARD (Hgg.), Vienna, 69 - 85.
• BROCK S. (1996a), The 'Nestorian' Church: A Lamentable Misnomer, „Bulletin of the John Rylands Library”, 78.3, 23 - 35.
• BRUNS P. (2000), Bemerkungen zur Rezeption des Niceanums in der ostsyrischen Kirche, „Annuarium Historiae Conciliorum”, 32, 1 - 32.
• FOWDEN E. K. (1999), The Barbarian Plain: Saint Sergius between Rome and Iran, Berkeley.
• GARIBOLDI A. (2006), Il regno di Xusraw dall’anima immortale: riforme economiche e rivolte sociali nell’Iran sasanide del VI secolo, Milano.
• GREATREX G. (2000), Roman identity in the sixth century, [in:] Ethnicity and Culture in Late Antiquity, S. MITCHELL, G. GREATREX (Hgg.), London, 267 - 292.
• HERMAN G. (2010), “Bury My Coffin Deep!” Zoroastrian Exhumation in Jewish and Christian Sources, [in:] Tiferet Leyisrael: Jubilee Volume in Honor of Israel Francus, J. ROTH, M. SCHMELZER, Y. FRANCUS (Hgg.), New York/Jerusalem, 31 - 60.
• HUTTER M. (2003), Mār Abā and the Impact of Zoroastrianism on Christianity in the 6th Century, [in:] Religious Themes and Texts of Pre-Islamic Iran and Central Asia: Studies in Honour of Professor Gherardo Gnoli on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday on 6th December 2002, C. CERETI, M. MAGGI, E. PROVASI (Hgg.), Wiesbaden, 167 - 173.
• IZDEBSKI A. (2014), Cultural Contacts between the Superpowers of Late Antiquity: The Syriac School of Nisibis and the Transmission of Greek Educational Experience to the Persian Empire, „Byzantina et Slavica Cracoviensia” 8, 185 - 204.
• JACKSON BONNER M. R. (2012), Eastern Sources on the Roman and Persian War in the Near East 540-545, [in:] Appeared in Late Antiquity: Eastern Perspectives, A. SILVERSTEIN, T. BERNHEIMER (Hgg.), Oxford, 42–56.
• JULLIEN CH. (2006), La minorité chrétienne sassanide, [in:] Chrétiens en terre d’Iran: implantation et acculturation, R. GYSELEN (Hg.), Paris, 105 - 142.
• JULLIEN CH. (2008), VIe siècle, un temps de réformes en Iran. Échos dans l'Église syro-orientale?, „Parole de l'Orient”, 33, 1 - 14.
• JULLIEN F. (2006), Le monachisme chrétien dans l’empire iranien (IVe-XIVe siècles), [in:] Chrétiens en terre d’Iran: implantation et acculturation, R. GYSELEN (Hg.), Paris, 143 - 184.
• KOSIŃSKI R. (2008), The Fate of Nestorius after The Council of Ephesus in 431, „SAÜ Fen Edebiyat Dergisi”, 10.1, 33 - 47.
• KOSIŃSKI R. (2010), Dzieje Akacjusza, patriarchy Konstantynopola w latach 472-489, „U schyłku starożytności”, 9, 63 - 97.
• KOSIŃSKI R. (2010a), Kilka uwag o Henotikonie i domniemanym zwrocie w polityce religijnej cesarza Zenona, [in:] Społeczeństwo i religia w świecie antycznym, S. OLSZANIEC, P. WOJCIECHOWSKI (Hgg.), Toruń, 433 - 451.
• KOSIŃSKI R. (2010b), The Emperor Zeno Religion and Politics, Kraków.
• MACOMBER F. W. (1968), The Authority of the Catholicos Patriarch of Seleucia-Ctesiphon, „Orientalia Christiana Analecta”, 181, 179 - 200.
• MACUCH M. (2010), Incestuous Marriage in the Context of Sasanian Family Law, [in:] Ancient and Middle Iranian Studies: Proceedings of the 6th European Conference of Iranian Studies, Held in Vienna, 18-22 September 2007, M. MACUCH, D. WEBER, D. DURKIN-MEISTERERNST (Hgg.), Wiesbaden, 133 - 148.
• MAKSYMIUK K. (2011/2012), Działalność katolikosa Aby I w kontekście sytuacji Kościoła nestorianskiego w Iranie w VI wieku, „Szkice Podlaskie”, 19/20, 17 - 24.
• MAKSYMIUK K. (2012), „Apostoł” Arabów - Ahudemmeh. Kilka uwag na temat. sporów doktrynalnych i wiarygodności przekazów źródłowych, „Scripta Biblica et Orientalia”, 4, 183 - 195.
• MAKSYMIUK K. (2014), Problem obrony Kaukazu w relacjach irańsko-rzymskich w okresie sasanidzkim (im Druck).
• MAKSYMIUK K. (2015), Geography of Roman-Iranian wars. Military operations of Rome and Sasanian Iran, Siedlce.
• MCDONOUGH (2005) Power By Negotiation: Institutional Reform in the Fifth Century Sasanian Empire, diss., [file:///D:/Iran%20biblioteka/McDonoughDissertation05-libre.pdf ; Zugriff 28.03.2015].
• MCDONOUGH S. (2008), A Second Constantine?: The Sasanian King Yazdgard in Christian History and Historiography, „Journal of Late Antiquity”, 1.1, 127 - 140.
• MCDONOUGH S. (2008a), Bishops or Bureaucrats? Christian Clergy and the State in the Middle Sasanian Period, [in:] Current Research in Sasanian Archaeology, Art and History, D. KENNET, P. LUFT (Hgg.), Oxford, 87 - 92.
• MENZE V. (2008), Justinian and the Making of the Syrian Orthodox Church, Oxford.
• NAU F. (1900), Ordonnance de Mar Aba, patriarche nestorien, relative aux de mariage, „Le Canoniste contemporain”, 23, 20 - 27.
• PANAINO A. (2006), References to the term Yast and other Mazdean elements in the Syriac and Greek Martyrologia, [in:] Proceeding of the Fifth Conference of Iranian Studies, held in Ravenna, 6-11 October 2003, A. PANAINO, A. PIRAS (Hgg.), Milan, 167 - 182.
• PASQUET C. (2004), Le synode de Séleucie-Ctésiphon (410): Quelques remarques sur l'ecclésiologie des communautés chrétiennes de Perse au Ve siècle, „Connaissance des Pères de l'Église”, 96, 44 - 55.
• PEETERS P. (1946), Observations sur la vie syriaque de Mar Aba, catholicos de l’église perse (540-552), „ Miscellanea Giovanni Mercati”, 5, 69 - 112.
• TORRANCE I. (2006), Christology After Chalcedon: Severus of Antioch and Sergius the Monophysite, New York.
• WIGRAM W. A. (2004), An introduction to the history of the Assyrian Church, or, The Church of the Sassanid Persian Empire, 100-640 A.D., Piscataway (1 ed. 1910).
• WILLIAMS A. V. (1996), Zoroastrians and Christians in Sasanian Iran, „Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester”, 78.3, 37 - 53.
• WINKLER D. (1997), Miaphysitism: A New Term for Use in the History of Dogma and Ecumenical Theology, „The Harp”, 10, 33 - 40.
• WOOD Ph. (2013), The Chronicle of Seert: Christian Historical Imagination in Late Antique Iraq, Oxford 2013.
• ПИГУЛЕВСКАЯ Н. В. (1979), Культура сирийцев в Средние века, Москва.

Identifiers

ISSN

2299-2464