Full-text resources of CEJSH and other databases are now available in the new Library of Science.
Visit https://bibliotekanauki.pl

PL EN


2018 | 66 | 9: Sinologia | 121-138

Article title

Najdawniejsze zapożyczenia chińskie w językach tocharskich

Title variants

EN
The Oldest Chinese Loanwords in the Tocharian Languages

Languages of publication

PL

Abstracts

PL
W artykule zostały omówione najstarsze zapożyczenia chińskie, które trafiły do języków tocharskich w epoce starochińskiej i we wczesnej epoce średniochińskiej. Tocharowie po osiedleniu się w Kotlinie Tarymskiej na pradawnym szlaku handlowym, prowadzącym z Chin do Europy, zaadaptowali różne zdobycze starożytnej chińskiej cywilizacji, m.in. nazwę ‘ryżu’ (toch. AB klu ← stchiń. 稻), ‘wódki zbożowej’ (toch. B śak(u)se ← stchiń. 粟酒), ‘lampy’ (toch. AB cok ← stchiń. 燭), ‘naczynia glinianego’ (toch. B lwāke ← stchiń. 陶壶), ‘liczydła’ (toch. B ṣipāṅkiñc ← śrchiń. 數盤工句). Plemiona tocharskie przejęły także chińskie nazwy miar i jednostek, które okazały się użyteczne w handlu, np. toch. B cāk ‘sto funtów’ (← stchiń. 石), toch. B cāne* ‘jakaś jednostka monetarna’ (← stchiń. 錢), toch. B tau ‘dziesięć kwart’ (← śrchiń. 斗), toch. B ṣaṅk ‘litr’ (← śrchiń. 升). W dobie starochińskiej zapożyczono także nazwę większej osady (toch. A ri, B riye ‘miasto’ ← stchiń. 里 ‘wieś, wspólnota’) oraz nazwę ostatniego miesiąca roku (toch. B *rāp adi. ← stchiń. 臘). Nieco później do języków tocharskich trafiła także nazwa egzotycznego ptaka o ładnym ubarwieniu (toch. A yāmutsi, B yāmuttsi ‘flaming’ ← śrchiń. 鸚鵡子 ‘papuga’).
EN
Tocharian tribes—of Indo-European origin—settled along the northern edge of the Tarim Basin (now 新疆 Xinjiang, China) around 2000 BC. Living on the ancient trade route leading from China to Europe, they controlled an important section of the Silk Road, running along the Taklamakan Desert (塔克拉玛干沙漠) for about three millennia. The Tocharians were the first Indo-Europeans who came into contact with a Sino-Tibetan population, in particular—with Chinese tribes. The author analyses the oldest Chinese borrowings which entered the two Tocharian languages in the Old Chinese period (1000–200 BC), as well as in the epoch of the Han Dynasty (206 BC–220 AD) and in the Early Middle Chinese period (ca. 600 AD). The Tocharians adopted various achievements of Old Chinese civilization, e.g. the terms for ‘rice’ (Toch. AB klu ← OCh. 稻), ‘brandy’ (Toch. B śak(u)se ← OCh. 粟酒), ‘lamp’ (Toch. AB cok ← EMCh. 燭), ‘pot’ (Toch. B lwāke ← OCh. 陶壶), or ‘abacus’ (Toch. B ṣipāṅkiñc ← EMCh. 數盤工句). They also took over Chinese names of measures and units that proved useful in trade, e.g. Toch. B cāk ‘hundred quarts’ (← OCh. 石), Toch. B cāne* ‘cash’ (← OCh. 錢), Toch. B tau ‘ten quarts’ (← EMCh. 斗), Toch. B ṣaṅk ‘a measure of volume’ (← EMCh. 升). The term for a larger settlement (Toch. A ri, B riye ‘town, city’ ← OCh. 里 ‘village, community’) was also borrowed in the Old Chinese era, as was the name of the last month of the year (Toch. B *rāp ← OCh. 臘). In the early phase of the Middle Chinese period, Tocharian tribes also borrowed the Chinese name of a beautifully-colored exotic bird (Toch. A yāmutsi, B yāmuttsi ‘a kind of waterfowl’ ← EMCh. 鸚鵡子 ‘parrot’).

Year

Volume

66

Issue

Pages

121-138

Physical description

Contributors

  • Uniwersytet Łódzki

References

  • Adams, Douglas Q. A Dictionary of Tocharian B. Amsterdam, Atlanta: Brill, 1999.
  • Adams, Douglas Q. A Dictionary of Tocharian B. Wyd. 2. Vol. 1–2. Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, 2013.
  • Bailey, Harold W. Dictionary of Khotan Saka. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979.
  • Baxter, William H. A Handbook of Old Chinese Phonology. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1992.
  • Benedict, Paul K. Sino-Tibetan. A Conspectus. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972.
  • Blažek, Václav. „Alimenta Tocharica (1–3)”. Tocharian and Indo-European Studies, 8 (1999): 79–84. (przedruk: Blažek 2011: 40–45).
  • Blažek Václav. Tocharian Studies. Works 1. Edited by M. Schwartz. Brno: Masaryk University 2011.
  • Blažek, Václav, i Michal Schwarz. „Jména nádob v tocharských jazycích”. Linguistica Brunensia, 63 (2015), 1: 21–35.
  • Blažek, Václav, i Michal Schwarz. The Early Indo-Europeans in Central Asia and China. Cultural Relations as reflected in language. Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, 2017.
  • Blažek, Václav, i Michal Schwarz. Raní Indoevropané v Centrální Asii a Číně. Kulturní vztahy v zrcadle jazyka. Praha: Nakladelství Lidové Noviny, 2017.
  • Bodman, Nicolas C. „Proto-Chinese and Sino-Tibetan: Data towards Establishing the Nature of the Relationship”. W: Contributions to Historical Linguistics: Issues and Materials. Red. Frans van Coetsem i Linda R. Waugh. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1980, 34–199.
  • Bodman, Nicolas C. „Evidence for l and r Medials in Old Chinese and Associate Problems”. W: Linguistics of the Sino-Tibetan Area: The State of the Art. Papers Presented to Paul K. Benedict for his 71st Birthday. Red. Graham Thurgood, James S. Matisoff i David Bradley. Canberra: Department of Linguistics of the Australian National University, 1985, 146–167.
  • Carling, Gerd, Georges-Jean Pinault i Werner Winter. Dictionary and Thesaurus of Tocharian A. Vol. I (A-J). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2009.
  • Coblin, Weldon South. A Sinologist’s Handlist of Sino-Tibetan lexical comparisons (Monumenta Serica Monograph Series XVIII). Nettetal: Steyler Verlag, 1986.
  • Damm, Krystyna, i Aldona Mikusińska (red.). Ludy i języki świata. Warszawa: PWN, 2000.
  • Ferlus, Michel. „Du chinois archaïque au chinois ancien: monosyllabisation et formation des syllables tendu/relâché (Nouvelle théorie sur la phonétique historique du chinois)”. W: 31st International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics, October 1998. Lund: Institute of World Affairs, 1998.
  • Grenet, Frantz, i Georges-Jean Pinault. „Contacts des traditions astrologiques de l’Inde et de l’Iran d’après une peinture des collections de Turfan”. Comptes rendus de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 1997: 1003–1061.
  • Hackstein, Olav, i Ronald Kim (red.). Linguistic Developments along the Silkroad: Archaism and Innovation in Tocharian. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2012.
  • Haudricourt, André G., i David Strecker. „Hmong-Mien (Miao-Yao) Loans in Chinese”. 通報 T’oung Pao 77 (1991), 4–5: 335–341.
  • Hilmarsson, Jörundur. Materials for a Tocharian Historical and Etymological Dictionary. Reykjavík: Málvísindastofnun Háskóla Íslands, 1996.
  • Isebaert, Lambert. De Indo-Iraanse bestanddelen in de Tocharische woordenschat. Vraagstukken van fonische productinterferentie, met bijzondere aandacht voor de Indo-Iraanse diafonen a, ā. Dysertacja doktorska. Leuven: Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 1980.
  • Laufer, Berthold. „Three Tokharian bagatelles”. 通報 T’oung Pao 16 (1915): 272–281.
  • Lubotsky, Alexander. „Tocharian Loanwords in Old Chinese: Chariots, Chariot Gear, and Town Building”. W: The Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Peoples of Eastern Central Asia. Red. Victor H. Mair. Washington: Institute for the Study of Man, 1998, 379–390.
  • Lubotsky, Alexander, i Sergei Starostin. „Turkic and Chinese Loanwords in Tocharian”. W: Languages in Time and Space: A Festschrift for Werner Winter on Occasion of his 80th Birthday. Red. Brigitte L.M. Bauer i Georges-Jean Pinault. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 2003, 257–269.
  • Majewicz, Alfred F. Języki świata i ich klasyfikowanie. Warszawa: PWN, 1989.
  • Mandelbaum, David Goodman. (red.). Selected Papers by Eduard Sapir in Language, Culture and Personality. Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1951.
  • Matisoff, James Alan. The Loloish Tonal Split Revisited. Berkeley: Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies, University of California Press, 1972.
  • Matisoff, James Alan. Handbook of Proto-Tibeto-Burman. System and Philosophy of Sino-Tibetan Reconstruction. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, 2003.
  • Naert, Pierre. „Contacts lexicaux entre le tokharien et ses voisins non-indoeuropénnes. II”. Orbis 14 (1965), 2: 528–536.
  • Peiros, Ilia, i Sergei Starostin. A Comparative Vocabulary of Five Sino-Tibetan Languages. Vol. I–VI. Melbourne: Department of Linguistics and Applied Linguistics of the University of Melbourne, 1996.
  • Poucha, Pavel. „Tocharica VI”. Archív Orientální 5 (1933): 88–90.
  • Poucha, Pavel. Institutiones Linguae Tocharicae. Pars I: Thesaurus Linguae Tocharicae Dialecti A. Praha: Státní pedagogické nakladatelství, 1955.
  • Pulleyblank, Edwin G. „Chinese and Indo-European”. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 98 (1966): 9–39.
  • Pulleyblank, Edwin G. Lexicon of Reconstructed Pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late Middle Chinese and Early Mandarin. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1991.
  • Sapir, Eduard. „Tibetan Influence on Tocharian”. Language 12 (1936), 4: 259–271
  • Schuessler, Axel. A Dictionary of Early Zhou Chinese. Honolulu: The University of Hawai’i Press, 1987.
  • Schuessler, Axel. ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese. Honolulu: The University of Hawai’i Press, 2007.
  • Schwentner, Ernst. „Toch. A yāmutsi, B yāmuttsi «Flamingo»”. Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung 75 (1958), 3–4: 206.
  • Schwentner, Ernst. Tocharische Bibliographie 1890–1958. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1959.
  • Shafer, Robert. Introduction to Sino-Tibetan. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1974.
  • Sims-Williams, Nicholas. Bactrian Documents from Northern Afghanistan II: Letters and Buddhist Texts. London: The Nour Foundation – Azimuth Editions, 2007.
  • Smith, Emil. „Tocharisch”, die neuendeckte indogermanische Sprache Mittelasiens. Christiania: Videnskabs Selskabets Skrifter, 1911.
  • Smoczyński, Wojciech. Słownik etymologiczny języka litewskiego. Wilno: Uniwersytet Wileński, 2007.
  • Starostin, Sergei A. [= Сергей А. Старостин]. Реконструкция древнекитайской фонологической системы [Rekonstruktsiya drevnekitayskoy fonologicheskoy sistemy]. Москва: Издательство „Наука” [Moskva: Izdatel’stvo „Nauka”], 1989.
  • Starostin, Sergei A. [= Сергей А. Старостин]: Труды по языкознанию [Trudy po yazykoznaniyu]. Москва: Языки славянских культур [Moskva: Yazyki slavyanskikh kul’tur], 2007.
  • Thomas, Werner. Die Erforschung des Tocharischen (1960–1984). Stuttgart: Steiner, 1988.
  • Van Windekens, Albert Joris. Le tokharien confronté avec les autres langues indo-européennes. Vol. 1: La phonétique et le vocabulaire. Louvain: Centre International de Dialectologie Générale, 1979.
  • Voegelin, Charles Frederick, i Florence Marie Voegelin. Classification and Index of the World’s Languages. New York, Oxford, Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1977.
  • Witczak, Krzysztof Tomasz. Indoeuropejskie nazwy zbóż. Łódź: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, 2003.
  • Witczak, Krzysztof Tomasz. „Two Tocharian Borrowings of Oriental Origin”. Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 66 (2013), 4: 411–416.
  • Židek, Jan. Tocharian Loanwords in Chinese. Praca dyplomowa. Praha: Univerzita Karlova, 2017.

Document Type

Publication order reference

Identifiers

YADDA identifier

bwmeta1.element.desklight-817a7d5e-5e70-4117-81aa-4719a3bc5acc
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.