Full-text resources of CEJSH and other databases are now available in the new Library of Science.
Visit https://bibliotekanauki.pl

PL EN


Journal

2019 | 161 | 63-94

Article title

Rozdział własności i odpowiedzialności? Nowa rola i obowiązki inwestorów instytucjonalnych w ładzie korporacyjnym

Content

Title variants

EN
Separation of ownership and responsibility? The case for socially conscious investor activism

Languages of publication

PL

Abstracts

PL
Artykuł dotyczy problemu aktywizmu inwestorskiego, podejmowanego przez inwestorów instytucjonalnych i zakresu ich obowiązków powierniczych względem powierzających im swoje oszczędności uczestników podmiotów zbiorowego inwestowania. Jak argumentuję, ze względu na swoją unikalną pozycję w strukturze korporacyjnego procesu decyzyjnego i zobowiązania wobec uczestników funduszy z jednej strony oraz wobec spółek portfelowych – z drugiej, zarządzający aktywami powinni aktywnie wykorzystywać swoje prawo głosu w procesie podejmowania decyzji w spółkach, uwzględniając przy jego wykonywaniu interes społeczny. Roz- poczynam od omówienia zmian w strukturze własnościowej spółek publicznych w XX wieku, które doprowadziły do bez- precedensowego wzrostu znaczenia inwestorów instytucjonalnych na współczesnym rynku kapitałowym. Następnie omawiam inicjatywy regulacyjne zmierzające do nałożenia na akcjonariuszy instytucjonalnych obowiązku zaangażowania w życie spółek. Rekonstruuję trzy główne, występujące w debacie publicznej podstawy nałożenia na inwestorów instytucjonalnych obowiązków związanych z ich zaangażowaniem w spółki publiczne: ich pozycję właścicielską; powierniczą relację wobec spółek portfelowych oraz własnych inwestorów, a także pogląd, dla którego proponuję nazwę doktryna Spidermana, głoszący konieczność proporcjonalności między posiadaną siłą oddziaływania a odpowiedzialnością.
This paper deals with shareholder activism by institutional investors and the scope of their duties to people who commit their savings to undertakings for collective investments. It argues, that due to their unique position within the structure of the corporate decision- making process and their fiduciary duties to funds’ participants on one hand and their portfolio companies on the other, asset managers should actively use their voice in corporate affairs, and do so taking the public interest into account. The article sets out with description of changes in ownership structure of public corporations, which led to the unprecedented rise in the influence of asset managers on contemporary capital markets. Then, it discusses recent regulatory initiatives to impose a duty to engage in corporate matters on institutional investors. Next part reconstructs three arguments, most commonly deployed in the public debate, in favor of imposing the duties related to institutional investors’ engagement: them being the „owners” of the companies; the fiduciary nature of their relationship to both their portfolio companies and their investors; as well the belief – for which I propose the name of the Spiderman doctrine – that one’s responsibility should be proportionate to one’s power.

Contributors

  • Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu

References

  • Akinbami F. 2016. The Fiduciary Duties of Institutional Investors w: Routledge Handbook of Corporate Law, ed. R. Tomasic, New York–Oxon.
  • Bainbridge S. 2006. Director Primacy and Shareholder Disempowerment, „Harvard Law Review”, 119.
  • Bainbridge S. 1993. In Defense of the Shareholder Wealth Maximization Norm, „Washington & Lee Law Review”, 50.
  • Bebchuk L., Cohen A., Hirst S. 2017. The Agency Problems of Institutional Investors, „Journal of Economic Perspectives”, 31, 3.
  • Bebchuk L. 2005. The Case for Increasing Shareholder Power „Harvard Law Review”, 118, 3, pp. 833–914, SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=387940.
  • Berle A., Means G. 1932. The Modern Corporation and Private Property, New York.
  • Birkmose H. 2009. You can lead a horse to water, but can you make it drink? Institutional Share- holders and Corporate Voting, „European Business Law Review”, 20, 5.
  • Birkmose H. 2017. Forcing Shareholder Engagement: Theoretical Underpinning and Political Ambitions, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3063985.
  • Black B. 1992. Agents Watching Agents: The Promise of Institutional Investor Voice, „UCLA Law Review”, 39.
  • Blair M., Stout L. 1999. A Team Production Theory of Corporate Law, „Virginia Law Review”, 85, 2, pp. 248–328.
  • Buchholtz A., Brown J. 2015. Shareholder democracy as a misbegotten metaphor, w: Shareholder Empowerment. A New Era in Corporate Governance, Goranova M., Ryan L. Verstegen ed., Palgrave Macmillan, New York.
  • Chiu I. Katelouzou D. 2017. From Shareholder Stewardship to Shareholder Duties: Is the Time Ripe?, w: Shareholders’ Duties, ed. H. Birkmose, Wolter Kluwers.
  • Chiu I. 2008. The Meaning of Share Ownership and the Governance Role of Shareholder Activism in the United Kingdom, „Richmond Journal of Global Law & Business”, 8, 2.
  • Davis G. 2008. A new finance capitalism? Mutual funds and ownership re-concentration in the United States, „European Management Review”, 5, 11–21.
  • Davis G. 2009. Managed by the Market. How Finance Re-shaped America, Oxford University Press.
  • Department of Labor. 1994. Interpretive Bulletin Relating to Written Statements of Investment Policy, Including Proxy Voting Policy or Guidelines, 29 CFR 2509.94-2, https://www.gpo. gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2007-title29-vol9/pdf/CFR-2007-title29-vol9-sec2509-94-2.pdf.
  • Department of Labor. 2015. Interpretive Bulletin Relating to the Fiduciary Standard Under ERISA in Considering Economically Targeted Investments, Interpretative Bulletin 2015- 01, 80 Fed. Reg. 65,137 (Oct. 26, 2015) (29 C.F.R. § 2509.2015-01 (2016)), https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2015/10/26/2015-27146/interpretive-bulletin-relating-to-the-fiduciary-standard-under-erisa-in-considering-economically.
  • Department of Labor. 2016. Definition of the Term ‘‘Fiduciary’’; Conflict of Interest Rule – Retirement Investment Advice, 29 CFR Parts 2509, 2510, and 2550, https://www.dolfiduciaryrule.com/portalresource/conflictsofinterestruleretirmenetinvestmentadvice.pdf.
  • Dignam A. 2013. The Future of Shareholder Democracy in the Shadow of the Financial Crisis, „Seattle University Law Review”, 36, 639.
  • Edelman J. 2010. When do fiduciary duties arise?, „Law Quarterly Review”, 126, 302.
  • Enriques L., Gargantini M. 2017. The Overarching Duty to Act in the Best Interest of the Client in MiFID II, w: Regulation of the EU Financial Markets. MiFID II and MiFIR, ed. G. Ferrarini, D. Busch, Oxford.
  • Fichtner J., Heemskerk E., Garcia-Bernardo J. 2017. Hidden power of the Big Three? Passive index funds, reconcentration of corporate ownership, and new financial risk, „Business and Politics”, 19(2): 298–326.
  • Franks J., Meyers C. 2017. Evolution of Ownership and Control Around the World: The Changing Face of Capitalism, ECGI Working Paper N° 503/2017, https://www.ssrn.com/ab- stract=2954589.
  • Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer. 2005. A legal framework for the integration of environmental, social and governance issues into institutional investment, Produced for Asset Management Working Group of the UNEP Finance Initiative, dostęp: https://www.unepfi.org/fileadmin/documents/freshfields_legal_resp_20051123.pdf.
  • Geczy C., Jeffers J., Musto D., Tucker A. 2015. Institutional Investing When Shareholders Are Not Supreme, „Harvard Business Law Review”, 5, 73.
  • Gilson R., Gordon J. 2013. The Agency Costs of Agency Capitalism. Activist Investors and the Revaluation of Governance Rights, „Columbia Law Review”, 113.
  • Gilson R., Gordon J. 2015. Agency Capitalism: Further Implications of Equity Intermediation w: Research Handbook on Shareholder Power (ed.) J. Gilll, R. Thomas, Cheltenham-North- Hampton.
  • Gold A., Miller P. 2014 (eds). Philosophical Foundations of Fiduciary Law, Oxford.
  • Haldane A. 2014. The Age of Asset Management?, mowa wygłoszona w London Business School, 4 kwietnia 2014, https://www.bis.org/review/r140507d.pdf.
  • High Level Group on Financial Supervision in the EU. 2009. Report http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/finances/docs/de_larosiere_report_en.pdf.
  • High-Level Expert Group on Sustainable Finance. 2018. Financing a Sustainable European Economy. Final Report, https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/180131-sustainable- finance-final-report_en.pdf.
  • Hill J. 2000. Visions and Revisions of the Shareholder, „American Journal of Comparative Law”, 48.
  • Ireland P. 2012. Financialization and Corporate Governance Corporate Governance and Globalisation Colloquium, September 2008, https://ssrn.com/abstract=2068478.
  • Jensen M., Meckling W. 1976. Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure, „Journal of Financial Economics”, 3(4), s. 305–360.
  • Johnston A., Morrow P. 2016. Fiduciary Duties of European Institutional Investors. Legal Analysis and Policy Recommendations, http://www.purposeofcorporation.org/fiduciary- duties.pdf.
  • Jopson B., Foley S., Binham C. 2015. Fund managers to escape ‚systemic’ label, „Financial Times”, 14.07.2015, https://www.ft.com/content/4e9d566e-2999-11e5-8613-e7ae- dbb7bdb7.
  • Katelouzou D. 2016. Reflections on the Nature of the Public Corporation in an Era of Shareholder Activism and Shareholder Stewardship, King’s College London Law School Research Paper No. 2016-24, https://ssrn.com/abstract=2779026.
  • Komisja Europejska. 2003. Communication From The Commission To The Council And The European Parliament Modernising Company Law and Enhancing Corporate Governance in the European Union – A Plan to Move Forward, COM (2003)284 final, Bruksela.
  • Komisja Europejska. 2010. Zielona Księga „Ład korporacyjny w instytucjach finansowych oraz polityka wynagrodzeń”, COM(2010) 284 final, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/ PL/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52010DC0284&from=PL.
  • Komisja Europejska. 2012. Komunikat Komisji Do Parlamentu Europejskiego, Rady, Europejskiego Komitetu Ekonomiczno-Społecznego I Komitetu Regionów Plan działania: Europejskie prawo spółek i ład korporacyjny – nowoczesne ramyprawnenarzeczbardziejzaangażowanych udziałowców i zrównoważonych przedsiębiorstw COM/2012/0740, https://eur-lex.europa. eu/legal-content/PL/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A52012DC0740.
  • Komisja Europejska. 2014. Resource Efficiency and Fiduciary Duties of Investors Final Report, http://ec.europa.eu/environment/enveco/resource_efficiency/pdf/FiduciaryDuties.pdf. Komisja Europejska. 2018. Draft delegated regulation, Ref. Ares(2018)2681500 – 24/05/2018, https://ec.europa.eu/info/law/better-regulation/initiative/1185/publication/237222/attachment/090166e5baeabd08_en.
  • Law Comission. 2015. Fiduciary Duties of Investment Intermediaries, http://www.lawcom.gov.uk/app/uploads/2015/03/lc350_fiduciary_duties.pdf.
  • McRitchie J. 2014. Fiduciary Dutyto Announce Votes: Historical Background, Part II, https://www. corpgov.net/2014/05/fiduciary-duty-announce-votes-part-2-historical-background/.
  • Minsky H. 1989. Money Manager Capitalism, Hyman Minsky Archive, Paper 13, http://digitalcommons bard.edu/hm_archive/13.
  • Mirow M. C. 2010. The Social-Obligation Norm of Property: Duguit, Hayek, and Others, „Florida Journal of International Law”, 22, 191.
  • Paine L. S. 1996. Moral Thinking in Management: An Essential Capability, „Business Ethics Quarterly”, 6, 477–492.
  • Parlament Europejski. 2015. Proposal for a directive (COM(2014)0213 – C7-0147/2014 – 2014/0121(COD)), A8-0158/ 001-00, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/ A-8-2015-0158-AM-001-001_EN.pdf?redirect.
  • Pietrewicz L. 2010. Rozwój rynku inwestorów instytucjonalnych i jego wpływ na relacje agencji w spółkach giełdowych „Zarządzanie Zmianami: Zeszyty Naukowe”, 3, s. 1–20.
  • Pitt-Watson D. 2016. What we loose when giant investment funds run all our companies, „Harvard Business Review”, 19.07.2016, https://hbr.org/2016/07/what-we-lose-when-giant-investment-funds-run-all-our-companies.
  • Principles of Responsible Investment. 2015. Fiduciary Duties in the 21st Century, https://www.unpri.org/download?ac=1378.
  • PwC. 2014. European Institutional Investors, https://www.pwc.lu/en/asset-management/ docs/pwc-european-institutional-investors.pdf.
  • Reynisson K. 2018. The Concept of Shareholders’ Duties: Keeping a Grasp on a Paradigm Shift, „European Business Law Review”, 29, 3.
  • Richardson B. 2007. Do the fiduciary duties of pension funds hinder socially responsible investment? „Banking & Finance Law Review”, 22, 2.
  • Ringe W. G. 2016. The Deconstruction of Equity. Activist Shareholders, Decoupled Risk and Corporate Governance, Oxford.
  • Rodrigues U. 2011. Corporate Governance in an Age of Separation of Ownership from Ownership, „Minnesota Law Review”, 95.
  • Romanowski M., Haiduk P. 2016. Oddziaływanie Komisji Nadzoru Finansowego na kwestie korporacyjne w zakładach ubezpieczeń w świetle Zasad Ładu Korporacyjnego dla instytucji nadzorowanych, „Wiadomości Ubezpieczeniowe”, 3.
  • Securities Exchange Commission. 2018. Regulation Best Interest, Exchange Act Release No. 83062, 83 FR 21574, https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2018-05-09/pdf/2018- 08582.pdf.
  • Sergakis A. 2016. EU Corporate Governance. The Ongoing Challengs of the Institutional Investor Activism Conundrum, „European Journal of Law Reform”, 16, 728.
  • Siems M. 2017. With great power comes great responsibility: real and ideal types of shareholders, w: Shareholders’ Duties, ed. H. Birkmose, Wolter Kluwers.
  • Siems M., Schnyder G. 2014. Ordoliberal Lessons for Economic Stability: Different Kinds of Regulation, Not More Regulation, „Governance”, 27.
  • Sójka T. (red.). 2016. Cywilnoprawna ochrona inwestorów korzystających z usług maklerskich na rynku kapitałowym, Warszawa.
  • Spurgin, Earl W. 2001. Do Shareholders Have Obligations to Stakeholders?, „Journal of Business Ethics”, 33, 4.
  • Stout L. 2012. The Shareholder Value Myth: How Putting Shareholders First Harms Investors, Corporations, and the Public, Princeton.
  • Strine L. 2017. Who Bleeds When the Wolves Bite? A Flesh-and-Blood Perspective on Hedge Fund Activism and Our Strange Corporate Governance System, „Yale Law Journal”, 126, s. 1280. Walker D. 2009. A review of corporate governance in UK banks and other financial industry entities, dostęp: http://www.ecgi.org/codes/documents/walker_review_261109.pdf.
  • Wong S. 2010. Why stewardship is proving elusive for institutional investors, „Butterworths Journal of International Banking and Financial Law”, Jul/Aug.

Document Type

Publication order reference

YADDA identifier

bwmeta1.element.desklight-88a767e7-6503-432b-96ca-70e9871fad01
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.