„Śmierć wrogom ojczyzny!”. Przemoc zbiorowa w repertuarze działań skrajnej prawicy w Polsce, 1990–2013

• Authors: Daniel Płatek , Piotr Płucienniczak

Title variants

EN

“Death to Enemies of the Homeland!” The Repertoire of Violence in the Collective Actions of the Extreme Right in Poland, 1990–2013

• Languages of publication: PL

Abstracts

PL

W ostatnich dekadach obserwujemy wzrost aktywności ruchu skrajnej prawicy w Europie. W porównaniu do lat siedemdziesiątych XX wieku („pierwsza fala” działalności) oraz wczesnych lat dziewięćdziesiątych („druga fala”), na przełomie wieków wyraźnie wzrosła aktywność skrajnie prawicowych organizacji na płaszczyźnie polityki parlamentarnej („trzecia fala”). Nie we wszystkich krajach europejskich skrajna prawica odnosi bowiem sukces na płaszczyźnie parlamentarnej. Sukces bądź porażka są pochodną odmiennych możliwości mobilizacji politycznych, dostępnych tym ugrupowaniom. Na podstawie podejścia analizy struktur możliwości politycznych oraz metodologii badań prasy codziennej odtwarzamy czynniki, które wpływają na ograniczenie lub zwiększenie skali repertuaru przemocy stosowanego przez polską skrajną prawicę. Weryfikujemy tezę mówiącą, że skala przemocy skrajnej prawicy zmniejsza się, kiedy ruch podlega formalizacji, w porównaniu z okresami, kiedy żadna z organizacji należących do ruchu nie jest obecna na arenie parlamentarnej. W artykule kreślimy ilościowy obraz repertuaru przemocy wykorzystywanego przez polską skrajną prawicę. Badania nad aktywnością skrajnej prawicy w Polsce w latach 1990–2013 zostały przeprowadzone za pomocą szeroko stosowanej w socjologii ruchów społecznych metodologii analizy wydarzeń protestacyjnych (Protest Event Analysis, PEA). Metoda ta polega na zbieraniu danych o wydarzeniach protestacyjnych z prasy codziennej, a następnie kodowaniu ich pod kątem różnych charakterystyk.

EN

In the immediate aftermath of the fall of communism in Poland in 1989, popular discussions of the reemergence of the extreme right centered on concerns that it would take the form of ultra-nationalism or post-communist national populism (Pankowski 2009). However, these discussions mainly emphasized sensational events involving militant skinheads and tended to stress the cultural specificity of the nationalist movement. The perceived risk from the extreme right has contributed to the creation of a sociological explanation focused on a restricted number of arguments. Phenomena such as the rise of nationalism and extremism were in fact considered (at the macro level) to be aggressive reactions to frustrations resulting either from the rapid end to a period of economic stabilization and increased expectations or (at the micro level) from status inconsistency. In our article we suggest that Poland’s extreme right should be analyzed as a social movement, with a focus on the meso-organizational and action level, as this has never been done before. Looking at the broad spectrum of actors in the extreme-right milieu, we analyze their forms of action with the aim of understanding the use of violent versus nonviolent forms of action. We study factors that influence the scale of violence employed by the extreme right and verify the thesis that the violence decreases in periods when the movement undergoes a process of formalization, i.e., enters parliamentary politics, and increases otherwise. The paper is based on political opportunity theory and analysis of protest events in the years 1990–2013.

Keywords

PL

skrajna prawica; ruchy społeczne; przemoc zbiorowa; analiza wydarzeń protestacyjnych; regresja logistyczna

EN

extreme right; social movements; collective violence; protest event analysis; logistic regression

• Publisher: Institute of Philosophy and Sociology, Polish Academy of Sciences
• Journal: Studia Socjologiczne
• Year: 2017
• Issue: 2(225)
• Pages: 73-107

Contributors

author

Daniel Płatek

• Instytut Filozofii i Socjologii PAN, ul. Nowy Świat 72, 00-330 Warszawa

author

Piotr Płucienniczak

• Instytut Socjologii Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, ul. Grodzka 52, 30-962 Kraków

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