Modele, metafory i teoria ekonomii

• Authors: Łukasz Hardt

Title variants

EN

Models, metaphors, and economic theory

• Languages of publication: PL

Abstracts

PL

Artykuł analizuje modele ekonomiczne, wykorzystując pojęcie metafory. W tekście przedstawiane są dwa konkurencyjne ujęcia charakteru modeli ekonomicznych – pierwsze, bliskie izolacjonizmowi, traktuje modele jako reprezentacje rzeczywistości i drugie, zbliżone do fikcjonalizmu, gdzie modele mają charakter tzw. metafor z ornamentami, i gdzie liczy się przede wszystkim ich wartość retoryczna, a nie stopień podobieństwa do rzeczywistości. Artykuł prezentuje również rozumienie modeli wychodzące poza tę dychotomię i prezentowane w filozofii ekonomii przez N. Cartwright. Tekst zawiera refleksję nad realizmem modeli ekonomicznych i kończy się konkluzją o istotnym podobieństwie modeli do metafor.

EN

The paper conceptualizes economic models as metaphors. It presents two different approaches to economic modeling. In the first one, economic models are treated as isolations which aim at representing the real world. In the second, they are conceptualized according to various philosophical approaches that are close to fictionalism. The aim of such modeling is to persuade and not to represent. Next, the author tries to escape the dichotomy between models as isolations and models as purely rhetorical devices by referring to N. Cartwright’s understanding of economic models. The issue of their realism is also considered. The final conclusion states that models (in economics) are very similar to metaphors.

Keywords

PL

N. Cartwright; D. McCloskey; U. Mäki; modele ekonomiczne; metafory; teoria ekonomii; realizm w ekonomii; fikcjonalizm; retoryka w ekonomii

EN

N. Cartwright; D. McCloskey; U. Mäki; economic models; metaphors; economic theory; realism in economics; fictionalism; rhetoric of economics

• Publisher: Instytut Filozofii - Uniwersytet Jagielloński
• Journal: Diametros
• Year: 2014
• Issue: 41
• Pages: 13-37

Contributors

author

Łukasz Hardt

References

• Arystoteles [1988a] – Arystoteles, Retoryka, PWN, Warszawa 1988.
• Arystoteles [1988b] – Arystoteles, Poetyka, PWN, Warszawa 1988.
• Bartkowiak [2012] – K. Bartkowiak, Davidson i Rorty o metaforze, „Przegląd Filozoficzny – Nowa Seria” 81 (1) 2012, s. 221–236.
• Black [1962] – M. Black, Models and Metaphors, Cornell University Press, Ithaca 1962.
• Black [1979] – M. Black, More about Metaphors, [w:] Metaphor and Though, A. Ortony (red.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1979, s. 19–43.
• Blaug [1995] – M. Blaug, Metodologia ekonomii, PWN, Warszawa 1995.
• Boltzmann [1902/1974] – L. Boltzmann, On the Principles of Mechanics, [w:] Theoretical Physics and Philosophical Problems, B. McGuinness (red.), Reidel, Dordrecht 1974, s. 129–152.
• Boumans [2004] – M. Boumans, Models in Economics, [w:] The Elgar Companion to Economics and Philosophy, B. Davis, A. Marciano, J. Runde (red.), Edward Elgar, Cheltenham 2004, s. 260–282.
• Boumans i in. [2010] – M. Boumans, J.B. Davis, Economic Methodology. Understanding Eco-nomics as a Science, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke 2010. Cartwright [1983] – N. Cartwright, How the Laws of Physics Lie, Oxford University Press, New York 1983. Cartwright [1989] – N. Cartwright, Nature's Capacities and their Measurement, Oxford University Press, New York 1989. Cartwright [1999] – N. Cartwright, The Dappled World: A Study of the Boundaries of Science, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1999. Cartwright i in. [1995] – N. Cartwright, T. Shomar, M. Suarez, The Tool-box of Science, [w:] Theories and Models in Scientific Processes, W.E. Herfel i in. (red.), Rodopi B.V., Amsterdam-Atlanta 1995, s. 137–149.
• Crespo [2008] – R. Crespo, Nancy Cartwright and Aristotle, „Working Paper Series Austral University” (2) 2008.
• Fisher [1892/1925] – I. Fisher, Mathematical Investigations in the Theory of Value and Prices, Yale University Press, New Heaven 1925.
• Fisher [1939] – I. Fisher, A Three-dimensional Representation of the Factors of Production and their Remuneration, Marginally and Residually, „Econometrica” 7 (4) 1939, s. 304–311.
• Friedman [1953] – M. Friedman, The Methodology of Positive Economics, [w:] M. Friedman, Essays in Positive Economics, Chicago University Press, Chicago 1953, s. 3–43.
• Frege [1892/1970] – G. Frege, On Sense and Reference, [w:] Translations from the Philosophical Writings of G. Frege, P. Geach, M. Black (red.), Basil Blackwell, Oxford 1970, s. 56-78.
• Frigg [2006] – R. Frigg, Scientific Models, [w:] The Philosophy of Science: An Encyclopedia, S. Sarkar, J. Pfeifer (red.), Routledge, New York 2006, s. 740–749.
• Frigg i in. [2012] – R. Frigg, S. Hartmann, Models in Science, [w:] Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, E.N. Zalta (red.), URL = http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2006/ entries/models-science/ [08.03.2013].
• Guala [2005] – F. Guala, The Methodology of Experimental Economic, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2005.
• Grüne-Yanoff [2009] – T. Grüne-Yanoff, Preface to ‘Economic Models as Credible Worlds or as Isolating Tools, „Erkenntnis” 70 (1) 2009, s. 1–2.
• Hardt [2012] – Ł. Hardt, Problem realistyczności założeń w teorii ekonomii, „Ekonomista” (1) 2012, s. 21–40.
• Hardt [2013] – Ł. Hardt, Studia z realistycznej filozofii ekonomii, C.H. Beck, Warszawa 2013.
• Hutchison [1938] – T. Hutchison, The Significance and Basic Postulates of Economic Theory, Macmillan, London 1938.
• Keynes [1985] – J.M. Keynes, Ogólna teoria zatrudnienia, procentu i pieniądza, PWN, Warszawa 1985.
• Klein [1970] – M.J. Klein, Paul Ehrenfest. The Making of a Theoretical Physicist, vol. 1., North-Holland, Amsterdam 1970.
• Knuuttila [2009] – T. Knuuttila, Isolating Representations vs. Credible Constructions? Economic Modelling in Theory and Practice, „Erkenntnis” 70 (1) 2009, s. 59–80.
• Lagueux [1999] – M. Lagueux, Do Metaphors Affect Economic Theory?, „Economics and Phi-losophy” 15 (1) 1999, s. 1–22.
• Lawson [1997] – T. Lawson, Economics & Reality, Routledge, Abingdon 1997.
• Lawson [2003] – T. Lawson, Reorienting Economics, Routledge, Abingdon 2003.
• Lazear [2000] – E. Lazear, Economic Imperialism, „Quarterly Journal of Economics” 115 (1) 2000, s. 99–146.
• Lucas [1980] – R. Lucas, Methods and Problems in Business Cycle Theory, „Journal of Money, Credit and Banking” 12 (4) 1980, s. 696–715.
• Mäki [1992] – U. Mäki, On the Method of Isolation in Economics, [w:] Idealization IV: Intelligi-bility in Science, C. Dilworth (red.), „Special Issue of Poznan Studies in the Philoso-phy of the Sciences and the Humanities”, s. 319–354. Mäki [1995] – U. Mäki, Diagnosing McCloskey, „Journal of Economic Literature” 33 (3) 1995, s. 1300–1318.
• Mäki [2001] – U. Mäki, The Way the World Works (www): Towards an Ontology of Theory Choice, [w:] The Economic World View. Studies in the Ontology of Economics, U. Mäki (red.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2001, s. 369–389.
• Mäki [2005] – U. Mäki, Models are Experiments, Experiments are Models, „Journal of Eco-nomic Methodology” 12 (2) 2005, s. 303–315. Mäki [2009a] – U. Mäki, MISSing the World. Models as Isolations and Credible Surrogate Sys-tems, „Erkenntnis” 70 (1) 2009, s. 29–43.
• Mäki [2009b] – U. Mäki, Realistic Realism about Unrealistic Models, [w:] The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Economics, H. Kincaid, D. Ross (red.), Oxford University Press US, New York 2009, s. 68–98. Mäki [2011] – U. Mäki, Models and the Locus of their Truth, „Synthese” 180 (1) 2011, s. 47–63.
• Marshall [1920] – A. Marshall, Principles of Economics, MacMillan, London 1920.
• Maxwell [1855/1965] – J.C. Maxwell, On Faraday’s Lines of Force, [w:] The Scientific Papers of J.C. Maxwell, vol. 1, W.D. Niven (red.), Dover, New York 1965, s. 155–229.
• McCloskey [1990] – D. McCloskey, Storytelling in Economics, [w:] Economics and Hermeneu-tics, D.C. Lavoie (red.), Routledge&Kegan Paul, London 1990, s. 5–22.
• McCloskey [1983] – D. McCloskey, The Rhetoric of Economics, „Journal of Economic Litera-ture” 21 (2) 1983, s. 481–517.
• McCloskey [1984] – D. McCloskey, The Literary Character of Economics, „Daedalus” 113 (3) 1984, s. 97–119.
• McCloskey [1985] – D. McCloskey, The Rhetoric of Economics, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison 1985.
• Mirowski [2002] – P. Mirowski, Machine Dreams: Economics Becomes a Cyborg Science, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2002.
• Morgan [1998] – M. Morgan, Models, [w:] The Handbook of Economic Methodology, J.B. Davis, D.W. Hands, U. Mäki (red.), Edward Elgar, Cheltenham 1998, s. 316–321.
• Morgan [2012] – M. Morgan, The World in the Model: How Economists Work and Think, Cam-bridge University Press, Cambridge 2012.
• Morrison [1998] – M. Morrison, Modelling Nature: Between Physics and the Physical World, „Philosophia Naturalis” (35) 1998, s. 65–85. Nowak [1980] – L. Nowak, The Structure of Idealization. Towards a Systematic Interpretation of the Marxian Idea of Science, Reidel, Dordrecht 1980. Reiss [2013] – J. Reiss, Philosophy of Economics. A Contemporary Introduction, Routledge, London 2013.
• Ricoeur [1986] – P. Ricoeur, The Rule of Metaphor, Routledge&Kegan Paul, London 1986.
• Russell [1903] – B. Russell, The Study of Mathematics, Allen and Unwin, Cambridge 1903.
• Solow [1982] – R. Solow, The Economics Major: What It Is and What It Should Be: Panel Dis-cussion, „American Economic Review” 72 (2) 1982, s. 139.
• Suppes [2002] – P. Suppes, Representation and Invariance of Scientific Structures, CSLI Publi-cations, Stanford CA 2002.
• Wickens [2012] – M. Wickens, How Useful are DSGE Macroeconomic Models for Forecasting?, Prepared for Konstanz Seminar, May 2012, URL = http://www.iiw.uni-bonn.de/konstanz/2012/Paper_Wickens.pdf [08.03.2013].
• Wieland, Cwik, Müller [2012] – V. Wieland, T. Cwik, G.J. Müller, A New Comparative Ap-proach to Macroeconomic Modeling and Policy Analysis, opracowanie niepublikowane, URL = http://www.voxeu.org/sites/default/files/file/Wielandetal_120123.pdf [08.03.2013].
• Van Fraassen [1980] – B. Van Fraassen, The Scientific Image, Oxford University Press, Oxford 1980.
• Zeidler [2011] – P. Zeidler, Prawda i znaczenie w świetle metaforycznego charakteru aparatu konceptualnego nauk empirycznych, [w:] Prawda, D. Leszczyński (red.), Wydawnic-two Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, Wrocław 2011, s. 325–343.