The economic effects of emigration: a literature review

• Authors: Walerych Małgorzata

Title variants

PL

Ekonomiczne skutki emigracji: przegląd literatury

• Languages of publication: EN

Abstracts

EN

Despite great policy, social and economic relevance, the consequences of international population movements for the sending countries remain relatively under-researched. Migration economics has so far focused mostly on the impact of immigration, trying to explain how the movement of people affects the economic situation of the countries that receive migrants. Studies on the source economies are mostly empirical and analyse the effects of outward population movements on local labour markets, and in particular the wages of those who stay behind, as well as the consequences of brain drain. This paper conducts a review of the literature on the economic impacts of migration movements. It presents the current state of knowledge and main findings from existing empirical and theoretical studies, focusing on five areas: consequences of brain drain, implications for wages of non-migrants, role of the remittances sent by emigrants to the home countries, fiscal effects and welfare consequences. We describe different approaches used so far in the literature to evaluate the effects of emigrants on nonmigrants, focusing both on the methodology, findings and limitations. The article also tries to identify gaps in the existing literature, as well as the potential directions for future research. Finally, we place special emphasis on the consequences of population movements following the 2004 EU enlargement, and particularly, on the emigration from Poland as the largest economy entering the EU in 2004.

PL

Choć międzynarodowe przypływy ludności mają znaczący wpływ na wiele płaszczyzn życia politycznego, społecznego i ekonomicznego, to wciąż relatywnie niewiele wiadomo o ich konsekwencjach dla krajów wysyłających migrantów. Zdecydowana większość pozycji literatury ekonomicznej poświęconych ruchom migracyjnym skupia się na konsekwencjach imigracji i próbuje wyjaśnić, jak mobilność ludności wpływa na sytuację ekonomiczną panującą w kraju przyjmującym migrantów. Mniej liczne badania o krajach wysyłających, to w głównej mierze prace empiryczne, które mają na celu analizę skutków odpływu ludności dla lokalnego ryneku pracy, a w szczególności płace w krajach wysyłających emigrantów, oraz konsekwencje „drenażu mózgów”. Niniejszy artykuł dokonuje syntetycznego przeglądu literatury emigracyjnej. Podsumowuje on obecny stan wiedzy oraz wnioski z istniejących teoretycznych i empirycznych badań nad konsekwencjami emigracji, skupiając się na pięciu obszarach: konsekwencjach drenażu mózgów, implikacjach dla poziomu płac niemigrantów, skutkach napływu przekazów pieniężnych, efektach fiskalnych oraz efektach dobrobytowych. Opracowanie przybliża różne podejścia wykorzystywane w literaturze ekonomicznej do analizy konsekwencji migracji dla krajów wysyłających, koncentrując się przy tym zarówno na zastosowanych narzędziach, otrzymanych wynikach, jak i ograniczeniach wykorzystanych podejść, a także stara się naświetlić istniejące w literaturze luki i możliwe kierunki dalszych badań. W pracy dużą uwagę poświęcono także tematyce przepływów ludności po rozszerzeniu Unii Europejskiej w 2004 r., a w szczególności emigracji z Polski, czyli największej gospodarki wstępującej w tym roku do wspólnoty.

Keywords

EN

emigration; labour market; economics of migration

PL

emigracja; rynek pracy; ekonomia migracji

• Publisher: Uniwersytet Rzeszowski. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego
• Journal: Nierówności społeczne a wzrost gospodarczy
• Year: 2020
• Issue: 62
• Pages: 121-135

Contributors

author

Walerych Małgorzata

• Institute of Economics Polish Academy of Sciences

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Identifiers

DOI

10.15584/nsawg.2020.2.8