Rekonstrukcja zabytków architektury w Zamościu

• Authors: Kowalczyk Jerzy

Title variants

EN

Reconstructions of architectionic monuments in Zamość

• Languages of publication: PL EN

Abstracts

EN

Zamość, a town founded in 1580 by Jan Zamoyski, the grand Crown hetman and chancellor, was designed by the Italian architect Bernardo Morando from Padua, on a plan close to the ideal towns depocted in Italian Renaissance treatises. Surrounded by New Italian fortifications, it survived up to the beginning of the nineteenth century in a Renaissance-Baroque form, with a palace, town hall, academy, churches of several creeds, and a central square fringed with houses with arcade porticos and high attic storeys. In 1820, during the Russian partition era, the private town was sold to the authorities of the Kingdom of Poland by Stanisław Kostka Zamoyski, and used exclusively as a fortress and a central army prison. The fortifications were modernized by General Mallet-Malletski. The Late Renaissance town gates were liquidated, and new ones were built in different places. Many of the stately buildings — the palace, academy, collegiate and monastic churches — were rebuilt in the spirit of conventional „army barracks” Classicism. The Armenian church and the monasteries of the Franciscans, regular and Reformed, were pulled down. Buildings were deprived not only of ornaments, but also of coats of arms and inscriptions. In this way, the historical traces of the former splendour dating from the period of a powerful and independent Commonwealth were intentionally obliterated. In 1866 it was decided to withdraw Russian troops from the antiquated fortress, and part of the fortifications were pulled down by the army. The town returned to its civilian status. When in 1918 Poland regained state independence, work was initiated on a gradual restoration of the former grandeur of Zamość. New undertakings consisted i. a. of the reconstruction of ruined churches and attic storeys, and of the recreation of the old town gates and even fortifications. In 1918-1930 a significant role in the revalorization of Zamość was played by Edward Kranz, the county architect, who was the first to commence research into the original forms of the monuments. Bastion IV was partially reconstructed according to his conceptions, and the old ravelin was made more legible upon the occasion of the establishment of a city park (1919-1926), on the site of the old fortifications, according to a project by Walerian Kronenberg (1918). The designs for the reconstruction of the facade of the church of the Reformed Franciscans and the finial of the collegiate church bell tower, demonstrated that Kranz was a supporter of unhampered, creative reconstruction, according to principles formulated in 1915 by the Society for the Protection of Monuments from the Past. The realizations, however, followed another course, outlined by the proposals of Alfred Lauterbach, inclined towards historical conservation. A broader programme of reconstruction was suggested in 1929 by Michał Pieszko, a geography teacher in the local secondary school. He postulated „to return the attic storeys, particularly in the Grand Market, and to restore the former grandeur of the academy and castle (palace)”, a wish which gradually became a fact. The attic storey of the town hall was reconstructed in 1937-1938 (T. Zaremba). A new, holistic approach to Zamość was expressed in the removal of all later additions from the facade of the houses in the Grand Market, the elimination of balconies and the opening of the arcades of the porticos (1936-1938). In their historical-architectonic study entitled The Zamość Fortress (1936), Jan Zachwatowicz and Stanisław Herbst referred to the ideas launched by Kranz, and proposed a „reconstruction of the outline of the fortification, even if only by means of unearthing the bastion enscarpments and curtain walls”. In 1938 Jan Zachwatowicz commenced the reconstruction of the rediscovered Old Lvov Gate (an undertaking interrupted by the outbreak of war in 1939). Postwar work initially concentrated on the losses in the Grand and Salt markets. Designs were made for two arcaded houses in a form similar to the original (Cz. Gawdzik, 1955-1957). Soon, the attic storey was restored to the synagogue (T. Zaremba, 1967). As foreseen by the Charter of Venice, the introduction of objects with modern forms into the historical complex proved to be a failure. Intensified revalorization of Zamość in connection with the approaching four hundredth anniversary of the town signified reconstruction ona a large scale. It included the attic storeys of five buildings in the northern row of houses in the Grand Market (W. Zin and team, 1979-1980), a feat performed upon the basis of relics found in situ and a water colour by Jozef W. Wilczyński from 1854. In the case of an attic storey and enscarpment reconstructed for a house in Kolegiacka Street, the foundation was only an illustration by Michał Elwiro Andriolli, from 1888 (project by H. Kossuth and G. Zamoyski, 1978). The reconstruction of the facades of the Old Lublin and Lvov gates was assisted by inventory drawings dating from the beginning of the nineteenth century. Work on the Old Lvov Gate, inaugurated in 1938, now included also inscriptions, coats of arms and figurai bas reliefs. This procedure remained in accordance with the position chosen by the author of the article. As a consultant of the project, he claimed that a historical monument is not only a work of art, in which a great role is played by the authenticity of the material, but also an ideological-historical monument, whose contents can be closely recreated in new material. Work was carried out on the town’s fortifications: the upper part of bastion VII (A. Kąsinowski, 1977-1984) and the curtain wall of the New Lublin Gate, which was revealed and supplemented (J. Radzik, 1977-1982). Further reconstruction was performed after and interval of several years, caused by an economic crisis. The historical form of the collegiate church was restored thanks to an inventory drawing from the beginning of the nineteenth century (T. Michalak, 1990-1991). A new important impulse for further revalorization and reconstruction of the historical monuments of Zamość was provided by the fact that in December 1992 the town was placed on the UNESCO list of world cultural heritage.

• Publisher: Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa
• Journal: Ochrona Zabytków
• Year: 1993
• Issue: 3
• Pages: 210-222

Dates

published

1993

Contributors

author

Kowalczyk Jerzy

References

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Identifiers

ISSN

0029-8247