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2017 | 2 | 85-100

Article title

Teoria umysłu a awersja do nierówności – projekt badania z wykorzystaniem gry ultimatum z udziałem osób ze spektrum zaburzeń autystycznych

Content

Title variants

EN
Theory of mind and ine quity aversion – a research project using the ultimatum game with people with Autism Spectrum Disorder as players

Languages of publication

PL

Abstracts

PL
Teoria umysłu to zdolność do adekwatnego odczytywania intencjonalnych stanów wewnętrznych swoich i innych osób, jest podstawą do mentalizowania. Jest ważna np. w terapii niektórych zaburzeń osobowości i kluczowa w rozumieniu spektrum zaburzeń autystycznych (Autism Spectrum Disorder, ASD). Jednak zanim teoria umysłu trafiła do psychologii, jej istnienie było postulowane i badane u prymatów ze względu na to, że są to gatunki społeczne, oparte na współpracy. Gatunki, u których zbadano awersję do nierówności (tj. reakcję na nierówną dystrybucję nagrody za wykonanie tego samego zadania), to także gatunki oparte na współpracy. Mimo to, wciąż nie zostało zbadane, czy i jak obecność awersji do nierówności wiąże się z teorią umysłu. W tym artykule chcemy zwrócić uwagę na możliwy związek właśnie między nimi. Przedstawiamy propozycję wykorzystania eksperymentu behawioralnego – o ile nam wiadomo dotąd nieeksplorowanego – tj. gry ultimatum (ultimatum game) z udziałem osób z ASD. Jak pokażemy, angażuje ona zarówno teorię umysłu, jak i awersję do nierówności. Badania neuroobrazujące pokazały, że w grze ultimatum oferty egoistyczne aktywowały u neurotypowych respondentów lewy i prawy obszar przedni wyspy, grzbietowo-boczną korę przedczołową i zakręt obręczy, ale aktywność tych obszarów była dużo słabsza, gdy respondent był przekonany, że egoistyczna oferta pochodzi od komputera, a nie od osoby. Chcemy pokazać, że warto zbadać, czy będzie różnica w tym, jak osoby ze spektrum zaburzeń autystycznych (Autism Spectrum Disorder, ASD) przypisują intencje oferentom/osobom oraz oferentom/komputerom, a także czy przejawiają one awersję do nierówności. Badania takie pozwoliłyby ustalić, czy istnieje zależność teorii umysłu i awersji do nierówności. Metoda behawioralna oparta na wykorzystaniu gry ekonomicznej może być punktem wyjścia do wielu dalszych badań: neuroobrazujących, z zakresu psychologii ekonomicznej i neuroekonomii. Zdaniem autorek ta prosta metoda może być wykorzystana także do kształtowania możliwości pracy z osobami z ASD, sposobów ich zatrudniania czy konstruowania systemów motywowania.
EN
The Theory of Mind (ToM) is the cognitive capacity to attribute intentional states to self and others, capacity on which mentalization is based. It plays an important role in psychotheraphies (e.g. for personality disorders) and it is crucial to understand the Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). However, before the ToM got to psychology, its existence was postulated and examined in primates because of their social and cooperative behavior. Species in which the inequity aversion (i.e. negative reaction in response to an unequal reward distribution) was observed are species which rely on cooperation as well. Despite this fact, the relation between the inequity aversion and the ToM has never been examined. In this paper, we want to argue in favour of the possible relation between these two. We present a design for a behavioural experiment – which, as far as we know, has never been explored – namely, the ultimatum game with people with ASD as players. The game involves both ToM and inequity aversion. Importantly, neuroimaging research has showned that in neurotypical players involved in the ultimatum game selfish offers activated anterior insula, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and cingulate cortex, but the activity of these areas was much weaker if the responder wasconvinced that the offer was made by a computer program, and not by a human. We argue that this is worth to be examined whether people with ASD attribute different intentions to offerers/humans than to offerers/computer programs and whather they display the inequity aversion. This will help to establish whether between the ToM and the inequity aversion there is a relation and of which kind. The behavioral experiment would yield results needed for further research: in neuroimaging, in economic psychology and in neuroeconomics. The authors wish to make this simple method profitable for inclusion in employment of people with ASD and ultimately they wish to create employer’s tool kits to hiring, retaining and motivating employees with ASD.

Year

Issue

2

Pages

85-100

Physical description

Contributors

  • Uniwersytet Zielonogórski
  • Uniwersytet Zielonogórski
  • Uniwersytet Zielonogórski

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Document Type

Publication order reference

Identifiers

YADDA identifier

bwmeta1.element.desklight-ac0db2de-2a6d-4740-8933-113a5d4ef087
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