EN
In the first part of the article, I describe semantic features of Polish particles faktycznie and rzeczywiście. Next, I analyze three classes of factive epistemic particles: 1) assertive faktycznie, rzeczywiście, 2) excluding naprawdę, autentycznie, 3 polemical tak naprawdę, w rzeczywistości, as well as, their possible uses in the context of knowledge, namely, their topicalization, focalization and eliminatory contrasting. In the final part of the article, I make the hypothesis that these operations are lexicalized as units in the language system, i.e. naprawdę (cf. focalization), w rzeczywistości (cf. eliminatory contrasting).