Ochrona zabytków w Norwegii

• Authors: Majka Maria

Title variants

EN

THE PRESERVATION OF HISTORICAL MONUMENTS IN NORWAY

• Languages of publication: PL

Abstracts

EN

In order to trace the beginnings of interest for historical monuments in Norway we have to go back to the late XVIII century and to link it with subject matter of the romantic works of native artists, first of all painters, who „discovered” and popularized by means of their paintings the beauty of Norvegian nature, landscape and relics of national art and architecture. Special attention has been given to objects dating back to the early medieval period of Norvegian political and economic grandeur and wooden „stavechurches” recognized as best examples of Norvegian architecture, representing the most important features of the national art. The preservation of „stavechurches” has become the matter of greatest concern for art lovers and cultural monuments curators. Also comparatively early the variety of architectural and ornamental forms in the folk architecture of wooden peasants’ farms has been noticed, which has always had the prevailing place in the architecture of the whole country. The museum preservation of the most precious monumental objects was initiated by the Swedish-Norvegian King Oscar II who organized his so called „collection” of wooden buildings at the peninsula Bydgoy in Oslo in the eighties of XIX century. That „collection” started the later Norks Folkemuseum established in 1894 by Hans Aal. In the same year Anders Sandvig opened in Lillehammer the Museum of Folk Architecture of the Valley of Gudbrandsdalen. The legal basis for preservation of the national monuments in Norway is guaranteed under the Act of 29, June 1951 enclosing and extending all previous laws in that field which had been issued since 1897. The Association for Preservation of the Ancient Monuments of Norway (Foreningen til Norske Fortidsminnesmerkers Bevaring), founded in 1844, is the oldest existing body dealing with maintenance and popularization of the social care for relics of the past. In 1912 a special Office for the Monuments of Culture was established — Rikvantikvaren — having on behalf of the state under its protection ancient monuments of the country, supervising their maintenance, needs and preservation works carried out. The Conservator Offices (Fylkeskonservator) for 18 counties and two provincial capitals, which have been founded gradually since 1962, are aimed at providing local museums of all grades and types with every possible help and assistance. As regards the preservation of the cultural monuments the conservators play the part of district informers and consultants for the Riksantikvaren. It has been thanks to the first move of the Association for the Preservation of Ancient Monuments and Riksantikvaren that the works on the recording of ancient monuments were launched aimed at producing the catalogue and the detailed file of all the architectural objects existing beyond the limits of the open-air museums. The repair works and preservation of the monuments of culture are financed mainly from the state funds and from the donations of county and local authorities but to the remarkable extent from funds delivered for that purpose by private persons and private institutions. The monumental objects transfered to skansen museums are transmitted free of charge mostly and their equipment and furnishing is exclusively transfered by donations and grants. The preservation of the cultural monuments „in situ” is considered to be the best form of preservation and in that direction turn the efforts of curators and managers of local museums. Aside from the preservation of separate objects or groupings of rural dwellinghouses (exemplified by theXVI-th century farm Rygnestad in Setesdal valley or the hamlets of Havrotunet and Agatunet in Hordaland) there is no effort spared to preserve and protect „in situ” the objects and groupings of monumental town architecture when adjusted to new conditions and needs. The ideal solution seems to be to preserve these monumental complexes in the state of „living” town districts, opened to public and constantly inhabited; as for example district Rosesmligrenden in Bergen, Gamle Stavanger, or Bryggen — street of granaries at the landing-pier of Bergen which after restoration supply room for tourist agencies and commercial offices. Another example is provided by Frysja Center in Oslo, a group of XIX century covered markets and plants forseen after restoration to serve for studios and ateliers to young artists. In view of the quickly spreading reurbanization of small towns and hamlets the preservation of the most precious monumental objects in the open-air museums becomes a problem of great importance. Open-air museums, called in Norway Folk Museums (Folkmuseer) amount at present to the total of 120. They make up almost 70°/o of the total number of all museums associated in the Norvegian Association of Museums which follow the main division into the central, province, county, district and local museums. Norsk Folkemuseum in Oslo being the most important museum and scientific center acts as sort of central museum for all open-air museums in Norway. The dynamic development of local museums, which has been going on in our century, deserves special attention as it bears evidence of the constant increase of social awareness and interest for the preservation of the most precious relics of the cultural heritage.

Keywords

PL

ochrona zabytków w Norwegii; Johann Christian Dahl; kościoły typu „stav”; „stavkirke"; kościół Heddal; Norsk Folkemuseum; ogólnonorweskie Muzeum Budownictwa Ludowego; Towarzystwo Opieki nad Norweskimi Zabytkami Przeszłości (Foreningentil Norske Fortidsminnesmerkers Bevaring); Państwowy Urząd do Spraw Zabytków (Riksantikvaren); Zagroda Rygnestad w dolinie Setesdal; Rosesmügrenden w Bergen; górnicze miasteczko Røros; Roros

• Publisher: Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa
• Journal: Ochrona Zabytków
• Year: 1972
• Issue: 2
• Pages: 86-100

Dates

published

1972

Contributors

author

Majka Maria

• mgr, Zespół Dokumentacji Zabytków Kraków