Full-text resources of CEJSH and other databases are now available in the new Library of Science.
Visit https://bibliotekanauki.pl

PL EN


2014 | 6(32) | 333-363

Article title

Rola Gruzji w polityce zagranicznej Stanów Zjednoczonych w XXI w.

Selected contents from this journal

Title variants

Languages of publication

PL

Abstracts

EN
Georgia and the United States play in the international area complete different roles. Georgia is a small Caucasian country with limited potential, which could not rather play a crucial role in the foreign policy of the United States – the global actor with interests all over the world. Indeed, this situation took place in 90s. However, the beginning of 21st century and assuming the office of president by George W. Bush changed the position of this country and Georgia started to become more and more important in America foreign policy. The situation shifted when Barack Obama became a president in 2009. Since that time Georgia’s position in American foreign policy started to decrease. The last crisis, which happened in Ukraine and the worsening in relations between the United States and Russia may change the significance of Georgia. The main thesis of this article claims that the role and position of Georgia depend on changing interests of the United States in South Caucasus and Central Asia regions.

Contributors

  • Uniwersytet Łódzk

References

  • About Commonwealth of Independent States, [online] http://www.cisstat.com/eng/cis.htm.
  • AES‑Telasi: Power Trip or Power Play?, The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, 2006, [online] http://www.powertripthemovie.com/Wharton_inspection_copy.pdf.
  • Allison G., Van Buskirk E., U.S. Policy on Caspian Energy Development and Exports, Harvard Univesity, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Caspian Studies Program, [online] http://www.bits.de/NRANEU/Russia‑Caucasus/AllisonBuskirk.pdf.
  • Anteleva N., United States Cuts Development Aid to Georgia, Eurasianet, 28 IX 2003, [online] http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav092903.shtml.
  • Antidze M., Robinson M., Biden: U.S. Backs Georgia, Russia Must Pull Back, Reuters, 23 VII 2009, [online] http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/07/23/us‑georgia‑biden‑idUSTRE56M1YV20090723.
  • Asmus R., Mała wojna, która wstrząsnęła światem. Gruzja, Rosja i przyszłość Zachodu, przeł. J. Tokarski, Warszawa 2010, Biblioteka Res Publiki Nowej.
  • Baku‑Tbilisi‑Ceyhan (BTC) Caspian Pipeline, Hydrocarbons Technology, [online] http://www.hydrocarbons‑technology.com/projects/bp/.
  • Balcer A., Kaczmarski M., Stanisławski W., Kosowo – przed ostatecznym rozwiązaniem. Proces uregulowania statusu międzynarodowego – uwarunkowania polityczne i historyczne, perspektywy rozwoju sytuacji, Warszawa 2008, Prace OSW, 27.
  • Basic Facts, Организация Договора о коллективной безопасности, [online] http://www.odkb.gov.ru/start/index_aengl.htm.
  • Brzeziński Z., Scowcroft B., Ameryka i świat. Rozmowy o globalnym przebudzeniu politycznym,przeł. D. Rossowski, Łódź 2009.
  • Brzeziński Z., The Premature Partnership, „Foreign Affairs” 1994, Vol. 73, nr 2.
  • Bucharest Summit Declaration, NATO, Press Release (2008) 049, 3 IV 2008, [online] http:// www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/official_texts_8443.htm.
  • Bush G.W., Kluczowe decyzje, przeł. P. Pietrzak, W. Grzelczak, Warszawa 2011.
  • Caspian Pipeline Dream Becomes Reality, BBC News, 17 IX 2002, [online] http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/2263611.stm.
  • Chicago Summit Declaration, NATO, Press Release (2012) 062, 20 V 2012, [online] http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/official_texts_87593.htm?mode=pressrelease.
  • Chivers C.J., Georgia‑Russia Tension Escalates Over Downed Drone, „The New York Times” 2008, 22 IV, [online] http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/22/world/europe/22georgia.html?ref=mikheilsaakashvili.
  • Clinton w Gruzji: spór z Rosją trzeba rozwiązać dyplomatycznie, „Wprost” 2010, 5 VII, [online] http://www.wprost.pl/ar/200993/Clinton‑w‑Gruzji‑spor‑z‑Rosja‑trzeba‑rozwiazacdyplomatycznie/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=twitter&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+politykawsieci+%28Polityka+w+sieci%29.
  • Cooley A., Cooperation Gets Shanghaied. China, Russia, and the SCO, „Foreign Affairs” 2009, 14 XII, [online] http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/65724/alexander‑cooley/cooperation‑gets‑shanghaied.
  • Cornell S.E., U.S. Engagement in the Caucasus: Changing Gears, „Helsinki Monitor” 2005, Vol. 16, nr 2, [online] http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1571814054088738.
  • Cornell S.E., Georgia after the Rose Revolution. Geopolitcal Predicament and Implications for U.S. Policy, Carlisle 2007, U.S. and Russia: Regional Security Issues and Interests.
  • Cornell S.E. i in., Regional Security in the South Caucasus. The Role of NATO, Washington 2004, Silk Road Paper.
  • Croft A., NATO Will Not Offer Georgia Membership Step, Avoiding Russia Clash, Reuters, 25 VI 2014, [online] http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/06/25/us‑nato‑enlargement‑idUSKBN0F00IJ20140625.
  • Durkalec J., Amerykański system obrony przeciwrakietowej w Europie. Stan obecny i perspektywy, „Biuletyn PISM” 2013, nr 97.
  • Fairbanks Jr. Ch.H., Georgia’s Rose Revolution, „Journal of Democracy” 2004, Vol. 15, nr 2.
  • Follath E., Lebanon after the Cedar Revolution: Dancing on the Volcano, Spiegel Online International, 28 V 2005, [online] http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/lebanon‑after‑the‑cedar‑revolution‑dancing‑on‑the‑volcano‑a‑365104.html.
  • Georgia Begins Intensified Dialogue with NATO, NATO, 14 XII 2006, [online] http://www.nato.int/docu/update/2006/12‑december/e1214b.htm.
  • Georgia Punishes Police Over Protest Violence, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 15 VII 2011, [online] http://www.rferl.mobi/a/24266908.
  • Georgia to Send One More Battalion to Afghanistan to Join ISAF, People’s Daily Online, 22 XII 2011, [online] http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90777/7684989.html.
  • Georgia Train and Equip Program (GTEP), GlobalSecurity, [online] http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/gtep.htm.
  • Georgia, Presidential Election, 27 October 2013: Statement of Preliminary Findings and Conclusions, OSCE, 28 X 2013, [online] http://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/107509.
  • Georgia: Now the Top Non‑NATO Troop Contributor in Afghanistan, NATO, 26 VI 2013, [online]http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/news_101633.htm.
  • Georgia: One Year after the August War. Testimony of Ambassador Alexander Vershbow, Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs, Report from Government of the United States, 4 VIII 2009, [online] http://reliefweb.int/node/319521.
  • Georgian President Shevardnadze to Visit Washington, The White House Archives – President
  • George W. Bush, 28 VIII 2001, [online] http://georgewbushwhitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/08/20010828.html.
  • German T., Abkhazia and South Ossetia: Collision of Georgian and Russian Interests, „Russie.Nei. Visions” 2006, nr 11, IFRI, [online] http://www.ifri.org/downloads/germananglais.pdf.
  • Goodrich L., Russia’s Plan to Disrupt U.S.‑European Relations, Stratfor Global Intelligence, 13 XII 2011, [online] http://www.stratfor.com/node/862.
  • Grodzki R., Wojna gruzińsko‑rosyjska 2008. Przyczyny, przebieg, skutki, Zakrzewo 2009.
  • Gurgenidze M., CIA Reportedly Concluded Bombing of U.S. Embassy in Tbilisi Has Ties to Moscow, Central Asia‑CaucasusInstitute Analyst, 8 III 2011, [online] http://old.cacianalyst. org/?q=node/5604.
  • Hamilton R.E., Georgian Military Reform – An Alternative View, Center For Strategic & International Studies. Commentary, 3 II 2009, [online] http://gfsis.org/media/download/GSAC/Articles/hamilton_militaryreform.pdf.
  • Hough R.L., U.S. Policy in Azerbaijan: A Backward Strategy from Freedom, Euroasianet, 10 II 2004, [online] http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav021104.shtml.
  • Iwata K., Russia’s Security Policy from the Bucharest NATO Summit and Russia‑Georgia War through the Brussels NATO Foreign Ministers Meeting, Hiroshima University, [online]http://home.hiroshima‑u.ac.jp/heiwa/Pub/42/7IWATA.pdf.
  • Jakopovich D., The 2003 „Rose Revolution” in Georgia: A Case Study in High Politics and Rank‑and‑File Execution, „Debatte” 2007, Vol. 15, nr 2, [online] http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09651560701483311.
  • Jatras J.G., NATO Silent on Ukraine. Ukraine Should Say „No” to NATO, American Institute in Ukraine, 8 IV 2009, [online] http://www.aminuk.org/index.php?idmenu=12&idsubmenu=45&language=en#.UhBzzUB4Wc9.
  • Kempa A., Plan Działań na rzecz Członkostwa (Membership Action Plan – MAP), Wojsko Polskie, 5 II 2004, [online] http://www.wojsko‑polskie.pl/pl/nato/polska‑w‑nato/1216,plan‑dzialan‑na‑rzecz‑czlonkostwa‑membership‑action‑plan‑map‑.html.
  • Kilner J., Antidze M., Saakashvili Wins Georgian Election, „The Independent” 2008, 8 I, [online] http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/saakashvili‑wins‑georgia‑election‑768856.html.
  • Kipp J.W., The War Scare over Pankisi Gorge: Threat Perceptions in the Age of the War on Terrorism, [w:] Russian Military Reform, 1992‑2002, red. A.C. Aldis, R.N. McDermott, Londyn2003, Cass Series on Soviet (Russian) Military Institutions, 4.
  • Konieczna J., Pomarańczowa rewolucja na Ukrainie. Próba zrozumienia przyczyn, Warszawa 2005, Prace OSW, 18, [online] http://www.osw.waw.pl/sites/default/files/PRACE_18.pdf.
  • König M.S., The Effects of the Kosovo Status Negotiations on the Relationship Between Russia and the EU and on the De Facto States in Post‑Soviet Space, [w:] OSCE Yearbook 2007. Yearbookon the Organization for Security and Co‑operation in Europe (OSCE), [online] http://ifsh. de/file‑CORE/documents/yearbook/english/07/2007‑enpdfGesamt.pdf.
  • Kozłowski A., The European Union Posture towards the War in Georgia in 2008. The Assessment, Implications and the Aftermath, „Analizy Natolińskie” 2013, nr 1, [online] http://www.natolin.edu.pl/pdf/analizy/Natolin_Analiza_1_2013.pdf.
  • Kozłowski A., The United States Posture towards the War in Georgia in 2008. The Assessment,
  • Implications and the Aftermath, „Analizy Natolińskie” 2012, nr 6, [online] http://www.natolin.edu.pl/pdf/analizy/Natolin_Analiza_6_2012.pdf.
  • Kramer A.E., Georgia Becomes an Unlikely U.S. Ally in Iraq, „New York Times” 2007, 8 X, [online]http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/08/news/08iht‑ally.4.7803155.html?pagewated=all.
  • Kucera J., Obama and Saakashvili Signal No Movement on Weapons to Georgia, Euroasianet, 30 I 2012, [online] http://www.eurasianet.org/node/64925.
  • Kucera J., U.S. Congress Demands Renewal of Arms Sales to Georgia, Euroasianet, 17 XII 2012, [online] http://www.eurasianet.org/node/64728.
  • Kucera J., U.S. Congress: Georgia Military Aid Imperiled by Human Rights Concern, Euroasianet, 26 VI 2013, [online] http://www.eurasianet.org/node/67180.
  • Kucera J., U.S. Endorses NATO MAP for Georgia, Eurasianet, 27 II 2014, [online] http://www.eurasianet.org/node/68092.
  • Kupchan Ch.A., Wilted Rose, „The New Republic” 2006, 6 II.
  • Lisbon Summit Declaration, NATO, Press Release (2010) 155, 20 XI 2010, [online] http:// www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/official_texts_68828.htm.
  • Logan J., China, America, and the Pivot to Asia, „Policy Analysis” 2013, nr 717, [online] http:// object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/pa717.pdf.
  • McNamara S., NATO’s 60th Anniversary Summit: Unfocused and Unsuccessful, The Heritage Foundation, 8 IV 2009, [online] http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2009/04/
  • natos‑60th‑anniversary‑summit‑unfocused‑and‑unsuccessful.
  • Miroiu C., The Caucasus Conflict and its Implications for European Security, „Journal of East‑European and Asian Studies” 2008, [online] http://www.jeeas.org/index.php/archive/60‑crisiamiroiu.
  • National Energy Policy. Report of the National Energy Policy Development, Washington, V 2001, [online] http://web.ornl.gov/sci/propulsionmaterials/pdfs/National‑Energy‑Policy‑2001.pdf.
  • NATO and Afghanistan, NATO, [online] http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/69772.htm.
  • Nichol J., Georgia [Republic] and NATO Enlargement: Issues and Implications, Washington 2008, CRS Report for Congress, RS22829.
  • Nichol J., Georgia [Republic]: Recent Developments and U.S. Interests, Washington 2008, CRS Report for Congress, 97‑727.
  • Nichol J., Georgia’s January 2008 Presidential Election: Outcome and Implications, Washington 2008,CRS Report for Congress, RS22794.
  • Nichol J., Georgia’s Pankisi Gorge. Russian Concerns and U.S. Interests, Washington 2003, CRS Report for Congress, RS21319.
  • Nichol J., Russia‑Georgia Conflict in South Ossetia. Context and Implications for U.S. Interests, Washington 2009, CRS Report for Congress, RS34618.
  • Nichol J., Kim J., Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia: Political Developments and Implications for U.S. Interests, Washington 2002, CRS Report for Congress, RL33453.
  • Obama B., Renewing American Leadership, „Foreign Affairs” 2007, Vol. 86, nr 4. The Obama‑Biden Plan, The Office of the President‑Elect, [online] http://change.gov/agenda/energy_and_environment_agenda/.
  • Olcott M.B., Kyrgyzstan’s „Tulip Revolution”, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 28 III 2005, [online] http://carnegieendowment.org/2005/03/28/kyrgyzstan‑s‑tulip‑revolution/25e6.
  • Osborn A., Timeline: Vladimir Putin’s US‑Russia Odyssey, „The Telegraph” 2010, 1 XII, [online] http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/8174133/Timeline‑Vladimir‑Putins‑US‑Russia‑Odyssey.html.
  • Papava V., The Baku‑Tbilisi‑Ceyhan Pipeline: Implications for Georgia, [w:] The Baku‑Tbilisi‑Ceyhan Pipeline: Oil Window to the West, red. S.F. Starr, S.E. Cornell, Washington 2005.
  • The Partnership for Peace programme, NATO, [online] http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_50349.htm.
  • Patterns of Global Terrorism 2002, United States Department of States, Washington, IV 2003, [online] http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/20177.pdf.
  • Peterson J., All in the (Dysfunctional) Family? Transatlantic Relations after Iraq, „Current History” 2000, Vol. 103, nr 676.
  • Pliszczyńska O., Polityka „niebezpieczeństwa” Gruzji, Lublin 2010, Prace Instytutu Europy Środkowo‑Wschodniej, 14.
  • Pliszczyńska O., Polityka zagraniczna Stanów Zjednoczonych wobec regionu Kaukazu Południowego, [w:] Region Kaukazu w stosunkach międzynarodowych, red. K. Iwańczuk, T. Kapuśniak, Lublin 2008.
  • Pond S., Zrozumieć instrumenty Partnerstwa dla Pokoju, „Przegląd NATO” wiosna 2004, [online] http://www.nato.int/docu/review/2004/issue1/polish/art2.html.
  • Powell Had Role in Departure of Georgian Leader Shevardnadze, „USA Today” 2003, 25 XI, [online] http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/washington/2003‑11‑25‑us‑georgia_ x.htm.
  • President Thanks Georgian President for Support Against Terrorism, The White House Archives – President George W. Bush, 5 X 2001, [online] http://georgewbushwhitehouse.archives. gov/news/releases/2001/10/20011005‑10.html.
  • President Addresses and Thanks Citizens in Tbilisi, Georgia, The White House Archives – President George W. Bush, 10 V 2005, [online] http://georgewbush‑whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2005/05/images/20050510‑2_w8n1312jpg‑1‑515h.html.
  • Psaki J., Georgian Presidential Election, Press Statement, U.S. Department of State, 28 X 2013, [online], http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2013/10/215929.htm.
  • Putin Confronts NATO at Bucharest Summit, Global Research, 4 IV 2008, [online] http:// www.globalresearch.ca/putin‑confronts‑nato‑at‑bucharest‑summit/8558.
  • Rice C., Campaign 2000: Promoting the National Interests, „Foreign Affairs” 2000, Vol. 79, nr 1.
  • Rice C., No Higher Honor. A Memoir of My Years in Washington, New York 2011.
  • Rubin E., U.S.‑Georgia Relations after the Georgian Parliamentary Elections, U.S. Department of State, 24 X 2012, [online] http://www.state.gov/p/eur/rls/rm/2012/199745.htm.
  • Sanikidze G., The Georgian Rose Revolution: Causes and Effects, „Caucasus and Central Asia Newsletter” 2004, nr 5.
  • Scahill J., Blackwater. Narodziny najpotężniejszej armii najemnej świata, przeł. P. Pawlaczek, Wrocław 2009.
  • Signing Ceremony for the United States and Georgia Charter on Strategic Partnership, U.S. Department of State, 9 I 2009, [online] http://2001‑2009.state.gov/secretary/rm/2009/01/113740.htm.
  • Simon J., Black Sea Regional Security Cooperation: Building Bridges and Barries, [w:] Next Steps in Forging a Euroatlantic Strategy for the Wider Black Sea, red. R. Asmus, Washington 2006.
  • Socor V., Russia Moves Toward Open Annexation of Abkhazia, South Ossetia, The Jamestown Foundation, 18 IV 2008, [online] http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=33560.
  • Socor V., Russia’s Economic and Political Warfare Failing to Subdue Georgia, The Jamestown Foundation, 10 X 2006, [online] http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_tnews%5Btt_news%5D=32116.
  • Spanning Three Countries from the Caspian Sea to the Mediterranean Coast, BP, [online] http:// www.bpgeorgia.ge/go/doc/1339/150562/Baku‑Tbilisi‑Ceyhan‑BTC‑Pipeline‑.
  • Statement by President of Georgia Eduard Shevardnadze at the EAPC Summit, NATO, Prague Summit, 21 XI 2002, [online] http://www.nato.int/docu/speech/2002/s021122h.htm.
  • The statement of the Azerbaijan President Heydar Aliyev at ceremony of signing the agreement between Azerbaijan and Georgia on transportation of natural gas to be extracted from the deposit„Shahdeniz” via Baku‑Tbilisi‑Erzurum oute, Heydar Aliyev Heritage, 29 IX 2001, [online]http://lib.aliyev‑heritage.org/en/8434330.html.
  • Stevens P., The „Shale Gase Revolution”: Development and Changes, Chatham House BriefingPaper, VIII 2012, [online] http://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Research/Energy,%20Environment%20and%20Development/bp0812_stevens.pdf.
  • Świeżak P., C. Rice o sytuacji w WNP, Ukraina blisko NATO, Portal Spraw Zagranicznych, 21 IV 2005, [online] http://www.psz.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1238.
  • Tarnoff C., U.S. Assistance to the Former Soviet Union, Washington 2003, CRS Report for Congress,RL32866.
  • Trenin D., Russia Leaves the West, „Foreign Affairs” 2006, Vol. 85, nr 4.
  • U.S. Official On Russia‑Georgia WTO Talks, European Dialogue, 11 V 2011, [online] http://eurodialogue.org/US‑Official‑on‑Russia‑Georgia‑WTO‑Talks.
  • U.S. Relations With Iran, U.S. Department of State, 28 VIII 2013, [online] http://www.state. gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5314.htm.
  • Walsh N.P., Russia Accused of Plot to Sabotage Georgian Oil Pipeline, „The Guardian” 2003,
  • 1 XII, [online] http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2003/dec/01/georgia.oil.
  • Walsh N.P., U.S. Privatizes Its Military Aid to Georgia, „The Guardian” 2004, 6 I, [online] http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2004/jan/06/georgia.nickpatonwalsh.
  • „The War Is Over”: Last U.S. Soldiers Leave Iraq, NBC News, 17 XII 2011, [online] http://worldnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2011/12/18/9528197‑the‑war‑is‑over‑last‑us‑soldiers‑leave‑iraq?lite.
  • Welt C., How Strategic is the U.S‑Georgia Strategic Partnership, Prepared for presentation in the seminar series „Limited Sovereignty and Soft Borders in Southeastern Europe and the Former Soviet States: The Challenges and Political Consequences of Future Changes in Legal Status”, Harriman Institute, Columbia University, 2010.
  • Whitfield T., Friends Indeed? The United Nations, Groups of Friends, and the Resolution of Conflict, Washington 2007.
  • Wilson J.L., The Legacy of the Color Revolutions for Russian Politics and Foreign Policy, „Problems of Post‑Communism” 2010, Vol. 57, nr 2.
  • Wyciszkiewicz E., Rosyjska polityka energetyczna w basenie Morza Kaspijskiego, [w:] Geopolityka rurociągów. Współzależność energetyczna a stosunki międzynarodowe na obszarze postsowieckim, red. tenże, Warszawa 2008.
  • Zoellick R.B., Campaign 2000: A Republican Foreign Policy, „Foreign Affairs” 2000, Vol. 79, nr 1.

Document Type

Publication order reference

YADDA identifier

bwmeta1.element.desklight-c5b6da82-01de-4f3a-a6c1-519047a86238
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.