Stateless Zionism: Old traditions, new ideologies

• Authors: Maor Zohar
• Languages of publication: EN

Abstracts

EN

This essay aims at exploring Zionist currents that resisted the establishment of a Jewish nation-state, their non-statist vision of Zionism and its roots in Jewish conditions and political traditions, as well as in European anti-statist ideologies and national patterns. First, the non-Zionist diaspora nationalism of Simon Dubnow will be examined, as an important point of reference of non-statist Zionisms; then, the reservations of Ahad Ha’am, founder of “spiritual Zionism”, from the vision of a nation-state and the Marxian anti-statism of Ber Borochov and his socialist followers will be observed. Thereafter, the anarchism of Martin Buber and his followers in the binational factions “Brit Shalom and Ihud” will be discussed; here anti-statism is manifestly theological. Lastly, the current manifestations of non-statist Jewish nationalism will be succinctly explored, focusing on two religious-Zionist rabbis, the late Menachem Fruman and Shimon Gershon Rosenberg, and the American historian David N. Myers.

Keywords

EN

Ahad Ha’am (Asher Ginzberg); Ber Borochov; Simon Dubnow; Martin Buber; Brit Shalom; nationalism; Zionism

• Publisher: Oficyna Wydawnicza Uniwersytetu Zielonogórskiego
• Journal: Przegląd Narodowościowy – Review of Nationalities
• Year: 2018
• Volume: 8
• Pages: 53-82

Dates

published

2018

Contributors

author

Maor Zohar

• Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel

References

• Ahad Ha’am (Ginzberg A.), Al parashat drachim, Berlin 1921.
• Ahad Ha’am (Ginzberg A.), Essays, Letters, Memoirs, edit. and trans. L. Simon, Oxford 1946.
• Ahad Ha’am (Ginzberg A.), Igrot Ahad Ha’am, ed. A. Simon, J. Pograbinski, Tel Aviv 1956-1960.
• Ahad Ha’am (Ginzberg A.), Nationalism and the Jewish Ethic: Basic writings of Ahad Ha’am, edit. H. Kohn, New York 1962.
• Aldrovandi C., Apocalyptic Movements in Contemporary Politics: Christian and Jewish Zionism, New York 2014.
• Aschheim S.E., Beyond the Border: The German-Jewish Legacy Abroad, Princeton 2007.
• Avineri S., The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx, London 1969.
• Avnon D., Martin Buber: The Hidden Dialogue, Lanham 1998.
• Bartal I., Dubnov’s Image of Medieval Autonomy, [in:] A Missionary for History: Essays in Honor of Simon Dubnov, edit. K. Groberg, A. Greenbaum, Minneapolis 1998, pp. 11-18.
• Bartal I., Kozak u-bedwi: “Am” ve-Aretz ba-leumiut ha-yehudit, Tel Aviv 2007.
• Bauer O., Die Nationalitätenfrage und die Sozialdemokratie, Wien 1907.
• Belfer E., Zehut Kfula: Al ha-metach bein Artziyut le-ruchaniut ba-olam ha-yehudi, Ramat Gan 2004.
• Belfer E., The Jewish People and the Kingdom of Heaven: A Study of Jewish Theocracy, “Jewish Political Studies Review” 1989, No. 1(1-2), pp. 7-37.
• Ben Bassat Y., Rethinking the Concept of Ottomanization: The Yishuv in the Aftermath of the Young Turk Revolution of 1908, “Middle Eastern Studies” 2009, No. 45(3), pp. 461-475.
• Ben-Gurion D., Mi-Mamad Le-am, Tel Aviv 1933.
• Bergman S.H., Religiöser Zionismus, “Europäische Revue” 1926, No. 1(12), pp. 370-373.
• Bergman S.H., Die Religiöse Situation in Palästina, “Der Morgen” 1934, No. 10(8), pp. 348-349.
• Bergman S.H., Hebräischer Humanismus, “Jüdische Rundschau” April 24, 1938, pp. 1-2.
• Bergman S.H., Sfekot (Mikhtav el ha-orekh), [in:] Bamishe’ol, edit. N. Rotenstreich, Tel Aviv 1976, p. 59.
• Bergman S.H., Tagebücher und Briefe, edit. M. Sambursky, Königstein/Ts. 1985.
• Blidstein G. J., ‘Ideal’ and ‘Real’ in Classical Jewish Political Theory, from the Talmud to Abrabanel, “Jewish Political Studies Review” 1990, No. 2(1-2), pp. 43-66.
• Borochov B. (pseud. Donin), vas wilen di poalei-tsion, Vilna 1907.
• Borochov B., Аϭctrо-еϭтейскіЯ ГоДобщины, “Рассвет” June 20, 1913, No. 23, pp. 8-10.
• Borochov B., Ktavim I, edit. L. Levita, D. ben-Nachum, S. Rechav, trans. M. Avidov et al, Tel Aviv 1955-1966.
• Borochov B., Class Struggle and the Jewish Nation: Selected Essays in Marxist Zionism, edit. M. Cohen, New Brunswick and London 1984.
• Brown B., ha-yahadut ha-haredit ve-hamedina, [in:] kshyahdut pogeshet medina, edit. K. Glicklich, Tel Aviv 2015, pp. 77-268.
• Buber M., Pointing the Way: Collected Essays, edit. and trans. M. Friedman, New York 1957.
• Buber M., Moses: The Revelation and the Covenant, New York 1958.
• Buber M., Old Zionism and Modern Israel, “Jewish Newsletter” June 1958, No. 14(11).
• Buber M., Kingship of God, trans. R. Scheimann, New York 1967.
• Buber M., On Judaism, New York 1973.
• Buber M., On Zion: The History of an Idea, trans.S. Godman, London 1973.
• Buber M., Letters of Martin Buber: A Life of Dialogue, edit. N.N. Glatzer, P.R. Mendes-Flohr, New York 1991.
• Buber M., Paths in Utopia, Syracuse 1996.
• Buber M., Israel and the World: Essays in Time of Crisis, Syracuse 1997.
• Diner D., Gedächtniszeiten: über jüdische und andere Geschichten, München 2003.
• Dowty A., Much Ado about Little: Ahad Ha’am’s ‘Truth from Eretz Yisrael’, Zionism, and the Arabs, “Israel Studies” 2000, No. 5(2), pp. 154-181.
• Dubnow S., Pinkas Hamedina, Berlin 1925.
• Dubnov S., Nationalism and History: Essays on Old and New Judaism, Philadelphia 1958.
• Dubnov S., History of the Jews, trans. M. Spiegel, South Brunswick 1967-1973.
• Dubnow-Erlich S., The Life and Work of S.M. Dubnov: Diaspora Nationalism and Jewish History, Bloomington and Indianapolis 1991.
• Engels F., Anti-Dühring: Herr Eugen Dühring’s Revolution in Science, trans. E. Burns, Moscow 1954.
• Feldestein A., Ben-Gurion, Zionism and American Jewry, 1948-63, trans. R. Rubin, London 2007.
• Frankel J., Prophecy and Politics: Socialism, Nationalism, and the Russian Jews, 1862-1917, Cambridge 1981.
• Frankel J., S.M. Dubnov: Historian and Ideologist,[in:] The Life and Work of S.M. Dubnov: Diaspora Nationalism and Jewish History, S. Dubnov-Erlich, Bloomington and Indianapolis 1991, pp. 1-33.
• Fruman M., Sahaki erets: shalom, am, adama, Tel Aviv 2014.
• Funkenstein A., Maimonides: Political Theory and Realistic Messianism, “Miscellanea Mediaevalia” 1977, No. 11, pp. 81-103.
• Gechtman R., Conceptualizing National-Cultural Autonomy: From the Austro-Marxists to the Jewish Labor Bund, “Jahrbuch des Simon-Dubnow-Instituts” 2005, No.4, pp. 17-49.
• Gechtman R., The Debates on the National and Jewish Questions in the Second International and the Jewish Labor Bund, [in:] Rebels against Zion: Studies on the Jewish Le# anti-Zionism, edit. A. Grabski, Warszawa 2011, pp. 11-45.
• Gillon P., Israelis and Palestinians, Co-existence or..: The Credo of Elie Eliachar, London 1978.
• Gordon A., Brit Shalom veha-siyonut ha-du le’umit: ‘Ha-be’ayâ ha-’aravit’ ki-she’elah Yehudit, Jerusalem 2009.
• Gordon A., Toward Nationalism’s End: An Intellectual Biography of Hans Kohn, Waltham 2017.
• Gorny Y., “me-ra’ayon ha-otonomia le- ra’ayon ha-medina be-mishnato shel Ber Borochov”, “Keshet” 1968, No. 10(3), pp. 118-139.
• Gorny Y., Ha-she’elah ha-aravitve-habeaya ha-yehudit: zramim medinyim-ideologyim ba-tsyonot be-yahasam el ha-yeshut ha-aravit be-erets Israel ba-shanim 1882-1948, Tel Aviv 1986.
• Gorny Y., Zionism and the Arabs 1882-1948, trans. C. Galai, Oxford 1987.
• Gorny Y., David Ben-Gurion: From the Zionist Movement to the Jewish People, “Studies in Jewish Civilization” 1991, No. 1, pp. 222-228.
• Gorny Y., The State of Israel in Jewish Public Thought: The Quest for Collective Identity, New York 1994.
• Gorny Y., From Binational Society to Jewish State: Federal Concepts in Zionist Political Thought, 1920-90 and the Jewish People, Leiden 2006.
• Hacohen M.H., From Empire to Cosmopolitanism: The Central European Jewish Intelligentsia, 1867-1968, “Jahrbuch des Simon-Dubnow-Instituts” 2006, No. 5, pp. 117-133.
• Harris J., Introduction, [in:] Tönnies: Community and Civil Society, edit. J. Harris, Cambridge 2001, pp. ix-xxx.
• Heller Y. The Birth of Israel 1945-9: Ben Gurion and his Critics, Gainesville 2000.
• Heller Y., mibrit shalom le-ihud: Yehuda Leib Magnes ve-hama’avak le-medinah du-leumit, Jerusalem 2003.
• Hilbrenner A., Diaspora-Nationalismus: zur Geschichtskonstruktion Simon Dubnows, Gôttingen 2007.
• Judson P.M., The Habsburg Empire: A New History Cambridge, Mass and London 2016.
• Kaplan M., A New Zionism, New York 1955.
• Keating M., Plurinational Democracy, Stateless Nations in a Post-Sovereignty Era, Oxford 2001.
• Kershner I., From an Israeli Settlement, a Rabbi’s Unorthodox Plan for Peace, “New York Times” December 5, 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/06/world/middleeast/06froman.html?pagewanted=all [access on: 15.02.2018].
• Kohn H., Nationalismus, Wien and Leipzig 1922.
• Kohn H., Sinn und Schicksal der Revolution, Leipzig 1923.
• Kohn H., Um die Ewigkeit,[in:] Vom Sinn des Judentums, Ein Sammelbuch zu Ehren Nathan Bitrnbaums, edit. A.E. Kaplan, M. Landau, Frankfurt a. M. 1925.
• Kohn H., Knisat ha-yehudim le-toch ha-hevra ha-modernit, “Ha-poel Ha-tzair” April 15, 1927, pp. 30-33; April 24, 1927, pp. 11-13.
• Kohn H., Beavodat ha-yeud, “Ha-poel ha-tzair November 25, 1927, p. 16.
• Kohn H., Nationlismus und Gewalt, [in:] Gewalt und Gewaltlosigkeit: Handbuch des aktiven Pazifismus, im Au#rage der Internationale der Kriegsdienstgegner, edit. F. Kobler, Zürich 1928, pp. 89-93.
• Kohn H., Martin Buber, sein Werk und seine Zeit, Hellerau 1930.
• Kohn H., The Idea of Nationalism: A Study in its Origins and Background, New York 1944.
• Kohn H, Introduction, [in:] Nationalism and the Jewish Ethic: Basic writings of Ahad Ha’am, edit. H. Kohn, New York 1962, pp. 7-33.
• Kohn H., Nationalism, [in:] The Jew: Essays from Buber’s Journal Der Jude, edit. A.A. Cohen, trans. J. Neugroschel, University 1980, pp. 20-30.
• Kühntopf-Gentz M., Nathan Birnbaums Einstellung(en) zum jüdischen Staat bzw zum Staat der Juden: Oder, Welche Farbe hat denn nun eigentlich ein Chamäleon?, [in:] Zionismus: Theorien des jüdischen Staates, edit. S. Salzborn, Baden-Baden 2015, pp. 93-116.
• Kuzmany B., Habsburg Austria: Experiments in Non-Territorial Autonomy, “Ethnopolitics” 2016, No.15(1), pp. 43-65.
• Lavsky H., Before Catastrophe: The Distinctive Path of German Zionism, Detroit 1996.
• Maor Z., Moderation from Right to Le#: The Hidden Roots of Brit Shalom, “Jewish Social Studies” 2013, No. 19(2), pp. 79-108.
• Maor Z., Martin Buber, Jerusalem 2017.
• Mendes-Flohr P.R., From Mysticism to Dialogue: Martin Buber’s Transformation of German Social Thought, Detroit 1989, pp. 54-72.
• Mendes-Flohr P.R., Divided Passions: Jewish Intellectuals and the Experience of Modernity, Detroit 1991.
• Mendes-Flohr P.R., Introduction, [in:] A Land of Two Peoples: Martin Buber on Jews and Arabs, edit. P.R. Mendes-Flohr, Chicago 2005, pp. 3-33.
• Mendes-Flohr P.R., The Kingdom of God: Martin Buber’s Critique of Messianic Politics, “Behemoth: A Journal on Civilization” 2008, No. 2, pp. 26-38.
• Miliband R., Marxism and Politics, Oxford 1977.
• Miller R.W., Social and Political Theory: Class, State, Revolution, [in:] The Cambridge Companion to Marx, edit. T. Carver, Cambridge 1991.
• Mintz M., Israel and Diaspora in the Thought of Ber Borochov, “Jewish Frontier” 1982, No. 49(8), pp. 16-20.
• Mintz M., Zmanim Hadashim, Zmirot Hadashot: Ber Borochov 1914-7, Tel Aviv 1988.
• Morgenstern M. Isaac Breuer und die ‘agudistische’ Staatstheorie, [in:] Zionismus: Theorien des jüdischen Staates, edit. S. Salzborn, Baden-Baden 2015, pp. 187-208.
• Morris B., One State, Two States: Resolving the Israel/Palestine Conflict, London and New Haven 2009.
• Mosès S., Franz Rosenzweigs Einstellungen zum Zionismus, “Judaica” 1997, No. 53(1-2), pp. 8-14.
• Mosse G.L., Germans and Jews: The Right, the Le#, and the Search for a “Third Force” in Pre-Nazi Germany, New York 1971.
• Myers D.N., Between Diaspora and Zion: History, Memory, and the Jerusalem Scholars, [in:] The Jewish Past Revisited: Reflections on Modern Jewish Historians, edit. D.N. Myers, D.B. Ruderman, New Haven 1998, pp. 88-103.
• Myers D.N., Can there be a Principled Anti-Zionism? On the Nexus between Anti-Historicism and Anti-Zionism in Modern Jewish Thought, “Journal of Israeli History” 2006, No. 25(1), pp. 33-50.
• Myers D.N., ‘Beyond Statism’: A Call to Rethink Jewish Collectivity, lecture delivered at the University of Washington, October 10, 2006.
• Myers D.N, Between Jew and Arab: The Lost Voice of Simon Rawidowicz, Waltham 2008.
• Myers D.N., Rethinking the Jewish Nation, “Havrutah” Winter 2011, No. 6, pp. 27-33.
• Myers D.N., Between Supersessionism and Atavism: Toward a Neo-Secular View of Religion, [in:] Secularism in Question: Jews and Judaism in Modern Times, edit. A. Joskowicz, E.B. Katz, Philadelphia 2015, pp. 261-75.
• Myers D.N., Jewish History: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford 2017.
• Ohana D., Ambiguous Messianism: The Political Theology of Martin Buber, “Religion Compass” 2011, No. 5(1), pp. 50-60.
• Pianko N., Zionism and the Roads Not Taken: Rawidowicz, Kaplan, Kohn, Bloomington 2010.
• Pinson K.S., Editor’s Preface, [in:] Nationalism and History: Essays on Old and New Judaism edit. K.S. Pinson, Philadelphia 1958, pp. 1-85.
• Ratzabi S., Between Zionism and Judaism: The Radical Circle in Brith Shalom, 1925-1933, Leiden 2002.
• Ratzabi S., ‘shlilat medinat haumah’: beyn Hannah Arendt le-Buber ve-ishey merkaz Eiropa b’brit Shalom’ ve-agudat ihud, [in:] leumiyut u-musar: ha-siah hatsyoni he-hashe’alah ha-aravit, edit. E. Lavi, Jerusalem 2014, pp. 213-250.
• Renner K. (pseud. Synopticus), Staat und Nation, Wien 1899.
• Ringer F.K., The Decline of the German Mandarins: The German Academic Community, 1890-1933, Cambridge 1969.
• Rosenberg S.G., [Shagar], bayom ha-hu: drashot u-ma’amarim lemo’adey Iyar, Alon Shvut 2012.
• Rosenberg S.G., Faith Shattered and Restored: Judaism in the Postmodern Age, trans. E. Leshem, New Milford and Jerusalem 2017.
• Rotenstreich N., History, Sociology and Ideology, Simon Dubnow: The Man and His Work, edit. A. Steinberg, Paris 1963, pp. 47-56.
• Schacter R., Hermann Cohen’s Secular Messianism and Liberal Cosmopolitanism, “Jewish Political Studies Review” 2008, No. 20(1-2), pp. 107-123.
• Schmidt G.G., Martin Buber’s Formative Years:From German Culture to Jewish Renewal, 1897-1909, Tuscaloosa 1995.
• Schmidt G.G., The First Buber: Youthful Zionist Writings of Martin Buber, Syracuse, New York 1999
• Seltzer R.M., Simon Dubnow’s “New Judaism”: Diaspora, Nationalism and the World History of the Jews, Leiden and Boston 2014.
• Shavit J., Ahad Ha’Am and Hebrew National Culture: Realist or Utopianist?, “Jewish History” 1990, No. 4(2), pp. 71-87.
• Shear-Yashuv A., Darstellung und kritische Würdigung von Hermann Cohens Stellung zum Zion-ismus, “Aschkenas” 2000, No. 10(2), pp. 443-57.
• Sheleg Y., Innocence Lost: The Impact of the Disengagement on Religious Zionism, http://jcpa.org/article/innocence-lost-the-impact-of-the-disengagement-on-religious-zionism/ [access on: 10.01.2018].
• Shumsky D., tsioyonut u-medinat ha-leom: ha’archa mechadash, “Zion”, No. 77(2), pp. 223-254.
• Simon E., Neged ha-tsdokim, “Sheifoteynu” 1932, No. 3(5-6), pp. 160-2.
• Susser B., Ideological Multivalence – Martin Buber and the German Volkisch Tradition, “Political Theory” 1977, No. 5, pp. 75-96.
• Slezkine Y., The USSR as a Communal Apartment, or How a Socialist State Promoted Ethnic Particularism,”Slavic Review”, Summer 1994, No. 53(2), pp. 414-452.
• Steinberg S., The Origins of Nationalism: Marxism and Zionism in the writings of Ber Borochov, “Zionist Ideas” 1984, No.10, pp. 69-83.
• Stourzh G., From Vienna to Chicago and Back: Essays on Intellectual History and Political Thought in Europe and America, Chicago 2007.
• Tobias H.J., The Jewish Bund in Russia from its Origins to 1905, Stanford 1972.
• Turner Y., Hayahas le-tsion ve-latfutsut ba-mahshava hayehudit shel ha-mea ha-esrim: iyunim bafilosophia shel ha-kiyum ha-yehudi, Tel Aviv 2014.
• Veidlinger G., Simon Dubnow Recontextualized: The Sociological Conception of Jewish History and the Russian Intellectual Legacy, “Jahrbuch des Simon-Dubnow-Instituts” 2004, No. 3, pp. 411-427.
• Weinberg D.H., Between Tradition and Modernity: Haim Zhitlowski, Simon Dubnow, Ahad Ha-Am, and the Shaping of Modern Jewish Identity, New York 1996.
• Wistrich R.S., The Clash of Ideologies in Jewish Vienna (1880-1918): The Strange Odyssey of Nathan Birnbaum, “Leo Baeck Institute Year Book” 1988, No. 33, pp. 201-230.
• Zipperstein S.J., Elusive Prophet: Ahad Ha’am and the Origins of Zionism, Berkeley 1993.