Full-text resources of CEJSH and other databases are now available in the new Library of Science.
Visit https://bibliotekanauki.pl

PL EN


2022 | 60 | 2(120) | 25-43

Article title

Jak być świadomym użytkownikiem algorytmów? O potrzebie rozwijania kompetencji algorytmicznych

Content

Title variants

EN
How to be a conscious user of algorithms? On the need to develop algorithmic literacy

Languages of publication

PL EN

Abstracts

PL
Cel/Teza: Wszechobecność algorytmów i ich oddziaływanie na niemal każdy aspekt życia jednostek oraz społeczeństwa stanowi istotne wyzwanie dla współczesnego świata. Odpowiedzią na nie powinno być kształtowanie szeroko pojętych kompetencji algorytmicznych. Podstawowym celem artykułu jest analiza tego pojęcia. Drugim celem jest wskazanie, dlaczego owe kompetencje są ważne dla efektywnego i świadomego funkcjonowania we współczesnym świecie. Koncepcja/Metody: W artykule posłużono się metodą narracyjnego przeglądu literatury i elementami krytycznej analizy dyskursu. Analiza opiera się na literaturze teoretycznej i empirycznej. Podjęte w artykule rozważania zilustrowano przykładami zaczerpniętymi ze źródeł zastanych oraz z własnych obserwacji. Wyniki i wnioski: Kompetencje algorytmiczne należy ujmować wielowymiarowo, pamiętając o aspekcie praktycznym i teoretycznym. Niezbędna wydaje się powszechna edukacja obejmująca przynajmniej elementy kompetencji algorytmicznych. Poza wiedzą techniczną wpływ na kompetencje algorytmiczne ma także wiedza społeczno-kulturowa. Algorytmy często wzmacniają władzę hegemonicznych struktur społecznych i reprodukują istniejące w kulturze uprzedzenia. Dlatego dla jakości kompetencji algorytmicznych, zwłaszcza ich etycznego wymiaru, znaczenie może mieć znajomość struktur i sił społecznych, które za tymi algorytmami stoją. W ujęciu krytycznym na kompetencje algorytmiczne można spojrzeć jak na budowanie świadomości istnienia władzy algorytmicznej i zdolność do stawiania jej oporu. Oryginalność/Wartość poznawcza: Refleksja nad kompetencjami algorytmicznymi, a tym bardziej próby empirycznej analizy tej kategorii, są w początkowym stadium. Artykuł krytycznie omawia aktualny stan badań w tym – właściwie nierozpoznanym w polskim piśmiennictwie – obszarze.
EN
Purpose/Thesis: The ubiquity of algorithms and their impact on almost every aspect of the individual’s life and society pose a significant challenge to the modern world. We should respond by developing algorithmic literacy. The main purpose of this article is to analyze this concept. We also indicate why this type of literacy is crucial for effective and informed functioning in the modern world. Approach/Methods: The article employs a narrative literature review and critical discourse analysis. The analysis is based on theoretical and empirical literature, and illustrated with the authors’ own observations. Results and conclusions: Algorithmic literacy should be considered in all its practical and theoretical aspects. It seems necessary to include at least elements of algorithmic literacy in general education. Algorithmic literacy is influenced not only by technical knowledge, but also by cultural literacy. Algorithms often reinforce hegemonic social structures and reproduce existing cultural biases. Therefore, it may be vital to know social structures and forces behind algorithms to possess algorithmic literacy, particularly when it concerns the ethics of algorithms. From a critical perspective, algorithmic literacy can be seen as raising the awareness of the algorithms’ power and acquiring the ability to resist it. Originality/Value: Discussions of algorithmic literacy and empirical studies of the concept are not far-advanced. This article critically discusses the current state of research in this area, thus far unrecognized in Polish literature.

Year

Volume

60

Issue

Pages

25-43

Physical description

Dates

received
2022-10-13
revised
2022-12-12
accepted
2023-01-12

Contributors

  • Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Dziennikarstwa, Informacji i Bibliologii
  • Uniwersytet Warszawski

References

  • Amoore, L., Poitukh, V., eds. (2015). Algorithmic Life. Calculative Devices in the Age of Big Data. London: Routledge.
  • Ananny, M., Crawford, K. (2018). Seeing Without Knowing: Limitations of the Transparency Ideal and Its Application to Algorithmic Accountability. New Media & Society, 20(3), 973–989. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448166766
  • Bakke, A. (2020). Everyday Googling: Results of an Observational Study and Applications for Teaching Algorithmic Literacy. Computers and Composition, 57. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448166766
  • Bartsch, M., Dienlin, T. (2016). Control Your Facebook: An Analysis of Online Privacy Literacy. Computers in Human Behavior, 56, 147–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.11.022
  • Bucher, T. (2017). The Algorithmic Imaginary: Exploring the Ordinary Affects of Facebook Algorithms. Information, Communication & Society, 20(1), 30–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2016.1154086
  • Bucher, T. (2018). If... Then: Algorithmic Power and Politics. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Chen, D. T., Wu, J., Wang, Y. M. (2011). Unpacking New Media Literacy. Journal of Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics, 9(2), 84–88.
  • Cheney-Lippold, J. (2011). A New Algorithmic Identity: Soft Biopolitics and the Modulation of Control. Theory, Culture & Society, 28(6), 164–181. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276411424420
  • Christin, A. (2020). The Ethnographer and the Algorithm: Beyond the Black Box. Theory and Society, 49(5), 897–918. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11186-020-09411-3
  • Coffey, H. (2008). Critical Literacy [online]. Learn NC, [08.10.2022] https://teachingaround.com/uploads/1/2/2/8/122845797/critical_literacy_coffey.pdf
  • Cotter, K. (2020). Critical Algorithmic Literacy: Power, Epistemology, and Platforms. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University.
  • Culbertson, J. (1986). Chapter VI: Whither Computer Literacy? Teachers College Record, 87(5), 109–131.
  • D’Ignazio, C., Bhargava, R. (2015). Approaches to Building Big Data Literacy [online]. Proceedings of the Bloomberg Data for Good Exchange Conference, [08.10.2022] https://www.media.mit.edu/publications/approaches-to-building-big-data-literacy/
  • Danaher, J. (2016). The Threat of Algocracy: Reality, Resistance and Accommodation. Philosophy & Technology, 29(3), 245–268. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-015-0211--1
  • DeVito, M. A., Gergle, D., Birnholtz, J. (2017). “Algorithms Ruin Everything” #RIPTwitter, Folk Theories, and Resistance to Algorithmic Change in Social Media [online]. CHI ‘17: Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (3163–3174) [03.01.2023], https://doi.org/10.1145/3025453.3025659
  • Diakopoulos, N. (2014). Algorithmic Accountability Reporting: On the Investigation of Black Boxes [online]. Tow Center for Digital Journalism, Columbia University, [08.10.2022], https://doi.org/10.7916/D8ZK5TW2
  • Dobson, T.M., Willinsky, J. (2009). Digital Literacy. In: D. Olson, N. Torrance (eds.) Cambridge Handbook of Literacy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 286–312.
  • Dogruel, L. (2021). What is Algorithm Literacy? A Conceptualization and Challenges Regarding Its Empirical Measurement. In: M. Taddicken, C. Schumann (eds.) Algorithms and Communication, 67–93. https://doi.org/10.48541/dcr.v9.3
  • Dogruel, L., Masur, P., Joeckel, S. (2022). Development and Validation of an Algorithm Literacy Scale for Internet Users. Communication Methods and Measures, 16(2), 115–133. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2021.1968361
  • Domingos, P. (2016). Naczelny algorytm: Jak jego odkrycie zmieni nasz świat. Gliwice: Wydawnictwo Helion.
  • Doyle, C. S. (1994). Information Literacy in an Information Society: A Concept for the Information Age. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University.
  • Durán, J. M., Formanek, N. (2018). Grounds for Trust: Essential Epistemic Opacity and Computational Reliabilism. Minds and Machines, 28(4), 645–666. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-018-9481-6
  • Durán, J. M., Jongsma, K. R. (2021). Who is Afraid of Black Box Algorithms? On the Epistemological and Ethical Basis of Trust in Medical AI. Journal of Medical Ethics, 47(5), 329–335. https://doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2020-106820
  • Eslami, M., Karahalios, K., Sandvig, C., Vaccaro, K., Rickman, A., Hamilton, K., Kirlik, A. (2016). First I “like” It, Then I Hide It: Folk Theories of Social Feeds [online]. CHI ‘16: Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (2371–2382). https://doi.org/10.1145/2858036.2858494
  • Ezziane, Z. (2007). Information Technology Literacy: Implications on Teaching and Learning. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 10(3), 175–191.
  • Festl, R. (2021). Social Media Literacy & Adolescent Social Online Behavior in Germany. Journal of Children and Media, 15(2), 249–271. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2020.1770110
  • Gillespie, T. (2014). The Relevance of Algorithms. In: T. Gillespie, P.J. Boczkowski & K. A. Foot (eds.) Media technologies: Essays on communication, materiality, and society (167–193). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Goldman, A.I. (1979). What is Justified Belief?. In: G.S, Pappas (ed.) Justification and Knowledge. Philosophical Studies Series in Philosophy, vol 17. Dordrecht: Springer, 1–25.
  • Graff, H. J. (2010). The Literacy Myth at Thirty. Journal of Social History, 43(3), 635–661.
  • Gray, J., Gerlitz, C., Bounegru, L. (2018). Data Infrastructure Literacy. Big Data & Society [online], 5(2), [08.10.2022], https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2053951718786316
  • Gurevich, Y. (2012). What Is an Algorithm? In: M. Bieliková, G. Friedrich, G. Gottlob, S. Katzenbeisser & G. Turán (eds.) SOFSEM 2012: Theory and Practice of Computer Science (31–42). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27660-6_3
  • Hoffman, M., Blake, J. (2003). Computer Literacy: Today and Tomorrow. Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges, 18(5), 221–233.
  • Hutchison, A., Nadolny, L., Estapa, A. (2016). Using Coding Apps to Support Literacy Instruction and Develop Coding Literacy. The Reading Teacher, 69(5), 493–503. https://doi.org/10.1002/trtr.1440
  • Issar, S., Aneesh, A. (2022). What is Algorithmic Governance? Sociology Compass [online],16(1), [08.10.2022], https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12955
  • Iwasiński, Ł. (2017). Quantified Self. Self-tracking a problem tożsamości. Zagadnienia Informacji Naukowej, 55(2), 126–136. https://doi.org/10.36702/zin.369
  • Iwasiński, Ł. (2020). Social Implications of Algorithmic Bias. In: B. Sosińska-Kalata, M. Roszkowski & Z. Wiorogórska (eds.) Nauka o informacji w okresie zmian. Rewolucja cyfrowa – dziś i jutro: Infrastruktura, usługi, użytkownicy (25–35). Warszawa: Wydaw. Naukowe i Edukacyjne SBP.
  • Kaminski, M. E. (2019). The Right to Explanation, Explained. Berkeley Technology Law Journal [online], 34, [08.10.2022], https://doi.org/10.15779/Z38TD9N83H
  • Kampa, P., Balzer, F. (2021). Algorithmic Literacy in Medical Students – Results of a Knowledge Test Conducted in Germany. Health Information & Libraries Journal, 38(3), 224–230. https://doi.org/10.1111/hir.12392
  • Khoo, E., Hight, C., Torrens, R., Cowie, B., eds. (2017). Software Literacy: Education and Beyond. Singapore: Springer.
  • Kim, E. M., Yang, S. (2016). Internet Literacy and Digital Natives’ Civic Engagement: Internet Skill Literacy or Internet Information Literacy? Journal of Youth Studies, 19(4), 438–456. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2015.1083961
  • Klug, D., Qin, Y., Evans, M., Kaufman, G. (2021). Trick and Please. A Mixed-Method Study on User Assumptions About the TikTok Algorithm. In: WebSci ‘21: 13th ACM Web Science Conference 2021 (84–92). https://doi.org/10.1145/3447535.3462512
  • Knuth, D. E. (1973). The Art of Computer Programming (Vol. 3). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley
  • Koltay, T. (2011). The Media and the Literacies: Media Literacy, Information Literacy, Digital Literacy. Media, Culture & Society, 33(2), 211–221. https://doi.org/10.1177/01634437103933
  • Koltay, T. (2017). Data Literacy for Researchers and Data Librarians. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 49(1), 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961000615616450
  • Kreft, J. (2019). Władza algorytmów: u źródeł potęgi Google i Facebooka. Kraków: Wydaw. Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego.
  • Kuiper, E., Volman, M., Terwel, J. (2008). Students’ Use of Web Literacy Skills and Strategies: Searching, Reading and Evaluating Web Information. Information Research: An International Electronic Journal [online], 13(3), [08.10.2022], https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ837273
  • Livingstone, S. (2004). What Is Media Literacy? Intermedia, 32(3), 18–20.
  • Livingstone, S. (2008). Internet Literacy: Young People’s Negotiation of New Online Opportunities. In: T. McPherson (eds.) Digital Youth, Innovation, and the Unexpected (101–121). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Livingstone, S. (2014). Developing Social Media Literacy: How Children Learn to Interpret Risky Opportunities on Social Network Sites. Communications, 39(3), 283–303. https://doi.org/10.1515/commun-2014-0113
  • Luke, C. (2007). As Seen on TV or Was That My Phone? New Media Literacy. Policy Futures in Education, 5(1), 50–58. https://doi.org/10.2304/pfie.2007.5
  • Lyon, D. (2003). Surveillance As Social Sorting: Privacy, Risk, and Digital Discrimination. London: Routledge.
  • Mager, A. (2012). Algorithmic Ideology: How Capitalist Society Shapes Search Engines. Information, Communication & Society, 15(5), 769–787. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2012.676056
  • Mai, J. E. (2019). Situating Personal Information: Privacy in the Algorithmic Age. In: R. F. Jørgensen (ed.) Human rights in the age of platforms (95–116). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • McClure, C. R. (2018). Network Literacy in an Electronic Society: An Educational Disconnect? In: R. Kubey (ed.) Media Literacy in an Information Age: Current Perspectives (403–439). New Brunswick: Transaction Publisher.
  • Medhat, W., Hassan, A., Korashy, H. (2014). Sentiment Analysis Algorithms and Applications: A Survey. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 5(4), 1093–1113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2014.04.011
  • Miron, M., Nadon, R. (2006). Inferential Literacy for Experimental High-Throughput Biology. Trends in Genetics, 22(2), 84–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tig.2005.12.001
  • Miyazaki, S. (2012). Algorhythmics: Understanding Micro-Temporality in Computational Cultures. Computational Culture, 2, 1–16.
  • Mohseni, S., Zarei, N., Ragan, E. D. (2021). A Multidisciplinary Survey and Framework for Design and Evaluation of Explainable AI Systems. ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems (TiiS), 11(3/4), 1–45. https://doi.org/10.1145/3387166
  • Mordka, C. (2017). Zawodność reliabilizmu A. Goldmana w kontekście sporu o uzasadnienie. Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, Sectio I–Philosophia-Sociologia, 42(2), 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/i.2017.42.2.89
  • Porter, T.M. (1995). Trust in Numbers: The Pursuit of Objectivity in Science and Public Life. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Potter, W. J. (2013). Review of Literature on Media Literacy. Sociology Compass, 7(6), 417–435. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12041
  • Price, W. N. (2018). Big Data and Black-Box Medical Algorithms. Science Translational Medicine, 10(471). https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aao5333
  • Przegalińska, A., Oksanowicz, P. (2020). Sztuczna inteligencja: nieludzka, arcyludzka. Kraków: Wydaw. Znak.
  • Ptucha, R., Such, F. P., Pillai, S., Brockler, F., Singh, V., Hutkowski, P. (2019). Intelligent Character Recognition Using Fully Convolutional Neural Networks. Pattern Recognition, 88, 604–613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2018.12.017
  • Reddy, P., Sharma, B., Chaudhary, K. (2020). Digital Literacy: A Review of Literature. International Journal of Technoethics (IJT), 11(2), 65–94. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJT.20200701.oa1
  • Ridley, M., Pawlick-Potts, D. (2021). Algorithmic Literacy and the Role for Libraries. Information Technology and Libraries [online], 40(2), [08.10.2022], https://doi.org/10.6017/ital.v40i2.12963
  • Sandvig, C., Hamilton, K., Karahalios, K., Langbort, C. (2014). Auditing Algorithms: Research Methods for Detecting Discrimination on Internet Platforms. Data and Discrimination: Converting Critical Concerns Into Productive Inquiry, 22, 4349–4357.
  • Seel, N. M., Casey, N. C. (2003). Changing Conceptions of Technological Literacy. Disadvantaged Teens and Computer Technologies, 35–55.
  • Snavely, L., Cooper, N. (1997). The Information Literacy Debate. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 23(1), 9–14.
  • Stiller, E., LeBlanc, C. (2006). From Computer Literacy to Cyber-Literacy. Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges, 21(6), 4–13.
  • Szpunar, M. (2019). Kultura algorytmów. Kraków: Instytut Dziennikarstwa, Mediów i Komunikacji Społecznej Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego.
  • Uricchio, W. (2011). The Algorithmic Turn: Photosynth, Augmented Reality and the Changing Implications of the Image. Visual Studies, 26(1), 25–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/1472586X.2011.548486
  • Vanschoren, J. (2018). Meta-learning: A survey [online]. Arxiv, [08.10.2022], https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1810.03548
  • Walker, M. S., Hughes, T. A. (2008). Messenger RNA Expression Profiling Using DNA Microarray Technology: Diagnostic Tool, Scientific Analysis or Un-Interpretable Data? International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 21(1), 13–17. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.21.1.13
  • Wodecki A. (2021). Sztuczna inteligencja we współczesnych organizacjach. Warszawa: Wydaw. PWN
  • Zarouali, B., Boerman, S. C., de Vreese, C. H. (2021). Is This Recommended By an Algorithm? The Development and Validation of the Algorithmic Media Content Awareness Scale (AMCA-scale). Telematics and Informatics [online], 62, [08.10.2022], https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2021.101607
  • Zawojski, P. (2018). Rewolucja algorytmiczna. We władzy cyfr i liczb. Opcje, 4, 14–21.
  • Ziemińska, R. (2001). Alvina I. Goldmana teoria wiedzy i uzasadnienia. Roczniki Filozoficzne, 77–107.
  • Žagar, M., Samardzija, J., Mutka, A., Mestrovic, A. H., Mihaljevic, B., Vejzagic, V., Labas, I. (2021). Digital Platform Education For Stem Professions. In: EDULEARN21 Proceedings, 3074–3078. https://dx.doi.org/10.21125/edulearn.2021.0657

Document Type

Publication order reference

YADDA identifier

bwmeta1.element.desklight-e698614a-0486-4883-b211-a7d77559bf4c
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.