Full-text resources of CEJSH and other databases are now available in the new Library of Science.
Visit https://bibliotekanauki.pl

PL EN


2012 | 47 | 4 | 53-79

Article title

Reduplication of Consonant Graphemes in the Ormlum in The Light of Late Old English Scribal Evidence

Title variants

Languages of publication

EN

Abstracts

EN
As opposed to previous studies, which usually attempt to refute the traditional interpretation put on the use of double consonants in The Ormulum, and attempt to advance an alternative explanation for the abnormally frequent use of digraphs, the current study primarily focuses on the standard view, which assumes that the scribe of MS Junius 1 applied double consonant graphemes to indicate vowel shortness. However, in this study the evidence comes not from The Ormulum but from two Late Old English MSS, as the use of double consonants to indicate vowel shortness is also occasionally attested in some earlier texts (Anderson - Britton 1997: 34, 51, 1999: 305, 317-323; Smith 2007: 107; and Laing 2008: 7-8). The major aim of this study is to show that the use of reduplicated consonant graphemes as indicators of vowel shortness is not confined exclusively to The Ormulum because this practice derives directly from Old English scribal tradition, where sequences were used not only to represent geminate (or long) consonants, but sporadically also for marking short vowels.

Keywords

Publisher

Year

Volume

47

Issue

4

Pages

53-79

Physical description

Dates

published
2012-12-01
online
2013-03-27

Contributors

  • Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań

References

  • Gg. 3.28. Homilies of Ælfric (Microfilm reproduction, Cambridge University Library).
  • William H. Scheide The Blickling Homilies (Collection of William H. Scheide, Titusville, Princeton University Library, U.S.A.) available online at: http://pudl.princeton.edu/viewer.php?obj=x346d4176#page/1/mode/2up (date of access: 07.02.2012).
  • Anderson, John - Derek Britton 1997 “Double trouble: Geminate versus simplex graphs in the Ormulum”, in: Jacek Fisiak (ed.), 23-58. 1999 “The orthography and phonology of the Ormulum”, English Language and Linguistics 3/2: 299-334.
  • Bennett, Jack A. W. - Geoffrey V. Smithers (eds.) 1968 Early Middle English verse and prose. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Bermúdez-Otero, Ricardo 1998 “Prosodic optimization: The Middle English length adjustment”, English Languageand Linguistics 2/2: 169-197.
  • Björkman, Erik 1913 “Orrms Doppelkonsonanten”, Anglia 37: 351-381.
  • Blake, Norman (ed.) 1992 The Cambridge history of the English language. Vol. 2: 1066-1476. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Bosworth, Joseph - T. Northcote Toller 1898 An Anglo-Saxon dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Brink, Daniel 1992 “Variation between <þ-> and in the Ormulum”, in: Gerald F. Carr - Robert L.
  • Kyes (eds.), 21-35.
  • Brunner, Karl 1965 An outline of Middle English grammar. (translated by Grahame Johnston.) Oxford: Blackwell. 1967 Abriß der mittelenglischen Grammatik. Tübingen: Niemeyer.
  • Burchfield, Robert W. 1956 “The language and orthography of the Ormulum MS”, Transactions of the PhilologicalSociety 55: 56-87.
  • Cain, Christopher M. - Geoffrey Russom (eds.) 2007 Studies in the history of the English language III. Managing chaos: Strategies foridentifying change in English. (Topics in English Linguistics 53.) Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
  • Campbell, Alistair 1959 Old English grammar. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Carnoy, Albert J. 1917 “The reduplication of consonants in Vulgar Latin”, Modern Philology 15/3: 159-180.[Crossref]
  • Carr, Gerald F. - Robert L. Kyes (eds.) 1992 On Germanic linguistics: Issues and methods. (Trends in Linguistics: Studies and Monographs 68.) Berlin: Mouton.
  • Carr, Gerald F. - Wayne Harbert - Lihua Zhang (eds.) 1999 Interdigitations: Essays for Irmengard Rauch. New York: Peter Lang.
  • Clemoes, Peter (ed.) 1997 Ælfric’s Catholic Homilies: The first series text. (EETS SS 17.) Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Corrie, Marilyn 2006 “Middle English - Dialects and diversity”, in: Lynda Mugglestone (ed.), 86-119.
  • Dossena, Marina - Richard Dury - Maurizio Gotti (eds.) 2008 English historical linguistics 2006: Selected papers from the fourteenth InternationalConference on English Historical Linguistics (ICEHL 14), Bergamo, 21-25 August2006, Vol. III: Geo-historical variation in English (Current Issues in Linguistic Theory
  • 297.) Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
  • Effer, Hubert 1884 “Einfache und doppelte Konsonanten im Ormulum”, Anglia 7/4: 166-199.
  • Eilers, Friedrich 1907 Die Dehnung vor dehnenden Konsonantenverbindungen im Mittelenglischen. (Studien zur englischen Philologie 26.) Halle: Niemeyer.
  • Eliason, Norman E. 1948 “Old English vowel lengthening and vowel shortening before consonant groups”, Studies in Philology 45/1: 1-20.
  • Ellis, Alexander J. 1869a On early English pronunciation. Vol. 1. New York: Greenwood. 1869b On early English pronunciation. Vol. 2. London: Asher.
  • Fisiak, Jacek 1968 A short grammar of Middle English. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Poznańskie.
  • [2004] Reprint Fisiak, Jacek (ed.) 1997 Studies in Middle English linguistics. (Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs
  • 103.) Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
  • Fisiak, Jacek - Marcin Krygier (eds.) 1998 Advances in English historical linguistics 1996. (Trends in Linguistic: Studies and Monographs 112.) Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
  • Fleming, John V. 1976 “The Old English manuscripts in the Scheide Library”, The Princeton UniversityLibrary Chronicle 37/2: 126-138.
  • Foley, Emily H. 1903 The language of the Northumbrian gloss to the gospel of Saint Mathew. Part 1: Phonology.
  • New York: Henry Holt & Co.
  • Fulk, Robert D. 1996 “Consonant doubling and open syllable lengthening in the Ormulum”, Anglia 114, 4: 481-513. 1998 “The role of syllable structure in Old English quantitative sound changes”, North-Western European Language Evolution 33: 3-35. 1999 “Evaluating the evidence for lengthening before homorganic consonant clusters in the Ormulum”, in: Gerald F. Carr et al. (eds.), 201-209.
  • Giegerich, J. Heinz 1999 Lexical strata in English: Morphological causes, phonological effects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Godden, Malcolm (ed.) 1979 Ælfric’s Catholic Homilies: The second series text. (EETS SS. 5.) London: Oxford University Press.
  • Hadley, James 1871 “On English vowel quantity in the thirteenth century and in the nineteenth”, Transactionsof the American Philological Association 2: 65-107.
  • Hall, Joseph (ed.) 1920 Selections from Early Middle English 1130-1250. (2 vols.) Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Hart, James M. 1907 The development of standard English speech in outline. New York: Holt.
  • Hinckley, Henry B. 1935 “The riddle of The Ormulum”, Philological Quarterly 14: 193-216.
  • Hockett, Charles F. 1959 “The stressed syllabics of Old English”, Language 35/4: 575-597.[Crossref]
  • Hogg, Richard M. 1992 A grammar of Old English. Vol. 1: Phonology. Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Hogg, Richard M. - David Denison. (eds.) 2006 A history of the English language. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Holm, Sigurd 1922 Corrections and additions in the Ormulum manuscript. Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksells Boktryckeri.
  • Holt, Robert (ed.) 1878 The Ormulum. (2 vols.) (With the notes and glossary of Dr. Robert M. White.) Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Horobin, Simon - Jeremy Smith 2002 An introduction to Middle English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  • Jespersen, Otto 1940 A Modern English grammar on historical principles. Part 1: Sounds and spellings. (Photo-typed edition.) Copenhagen: Einar Munksgaard.
  • Jones, Charles 1972 An introduction to Middle English. New York: Holt - Rinehart and Winston.
  • 1989 A history of English phonology. London: Longman.
  • Jordan, Richard 1974 Handbook of Middle English grammar: Phonology. (Translated and revised by Eugene J. Cook.) The Hague: Mouton.
  • Keller, Wolfgang 1906 Angelsächsische Palaeographie. 2 vols. Berlin: Mayer & Müller. 1908 “Über die Akzente in den angelsächsischen Handschriften”, Prager deutsche Studien 8: 97-120.
  • Kelly, Richard J. (ed.) 2003 The Blickling homilies. London: Continuum.
  • Ker, Neil R. 1957 Catalogue of manuscripts containing Anglo-Saxon. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1976 “A supplement to Catalogue of manuscripts containing Anglo-Saxon”, Anglo-SaxonEngland 5: 121-131.
  • King, Anne 1992 “Old English ABCs”, in: Matti Rissanen et al. (eds.), 130-143.
  • Kniezsa, Veronika 1988 “Accents and digraphs in the Peterborough Chronicle”, Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 21: 15-23.
  • Koekkoek, B. J. 1979 “The spelling of German short and long vowels before single consonants”, The GermanQuarterly 52/1: 61-68.
  • Kölbing, Eugen 1877 “Zur Textkritik des Ormulum”, Englische Studien 1: 1-16.
  • Kurath, Hans 1956 “The loss of long consonants and the rise of voiced fricatives in Middle English”, Language 32/3: 435-445.[Crossref]
  • Laing, Margaret 2008 “The early Middle English scribe: Sprach er wie er schrieb?”, in: Marina Dossena et al. (eds.), 1-44.
  • Lambertz, Peter 1904 Die Sprache des Orrmulums nach der lautlichen Seite untersucht. Marburg: Foppen.
  • Lass, Roger 1992 “Phonology and morphology”, in: Norman Blake (ed.), 23-154.
  • Lass, Roger (ed.) 1969 Approaches to English historical linguistics. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
  • Liberman, Anatoly 1992 “Vowel lengthening before resonant + another consonant and svarabhakti in Germanic”, in: Irmengard Rauch et al. (eds.), 163-215.
  • Luick, Karl 1921 Historische Grammatik der englischen Sprache. 2 vols. Oxford: Blackwell. Leipzig: Tauchnitz. [Reprinted, 1964, Oxford: Blackwell.] Mailhammer, Robert 2007 “On syllable cut in the Orrmulum”, in: Christopher M. Cain - Geoffrey Russom (eds.), 37-61.
  • Markus, Manfred 1987 “Länge und Silbe im historischen Englisch”, Archiv für das Studium der NeuerenSprachen und Literaturen 224/2: 270-285.
  • McIntosh, Angus 1969 “A new approach to Middle English dialectology”, in: Roger Lass (ed.), 392-403.
  • McKnight, George G. 1899 “Orm’s double consonants again”, Englische Studien 26: 455-456.
  • Minkova, Donka - Robert Stockwell 1992 “Homorganic clusters as moric busters in the history of English: The case of -ld, -nd, -mb”, in: Matti Rissanen et al. (eds.), 191-206.
  • Mokrowiecki, Tomasz 2010 Scribal practice and vowel quantity: Homorganic cluster lengthening in Late Old English manuscripts. [Unpublished PhD dissertation, Adam Mickiewicz University.] Moon, An-Nah 2004 “Constraints on homorganic cluster lengthening in early English: A unified account of vowel lengthening and shortening”, Language Research 40/2: 353-376.
  • Morris, Richard (ed.) 1880 The Blickling homilies of the tenth century: From the Marquis of Lothian’s uniqueMS. A.D. 971. (EETS, OS. 58, 63, 73.) London: Trübner.
  • Morrison, Stephen 1984 “New sources for the Ormulum”, Neophilologus 68/3: 444-450.[Crossref]
  • Morsbach, Lorenz 1896 Mittelenglische Grammatik. Halle: Niemeyer.
  • Mossé, Fernand 1952 A handbook of Middle English. (translated by James A. Walker.) Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press.
  • Mugglestone, Lynda (ed.) 2006 The Oxford history of English. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Murray, Robert W. 1992 “Phonological drift in Early English”, Indogermanische Forschungen 97: 122-144. 1995 “Orm’s phonological-orthographic interface and quantity in Early Middle English”, (Special volume, Quantitätsproblematik und Metrik: Greif-swalder Symposion zurgermanischen Grammatik, edited by Hans Fix.) Amsterdamer Beiträge zur ÄlterenGermanistik 42: 125-147. 2000 “Syllable cut prosody in Early Middle English”, Language 76/3: 617-654.
  • Page, Raymond I. 1962 “The use of double runes in Old English inscriptions”, Journal of English and GermanicPhilology 61: 897-907.
  • Page, Richard B. 2000 “Double consonant graphs in the Ormulum”, Interdisciplinary Journal for GermanicLinguistics and Semiotic Analysis 5/2: 245-271.
  • Parkes, Malcolm B. 1983 “On the presumed date and possible origin of the manuscript of the Orrmulum: Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Junius 1”, in: Eric G. Stanley - Douglas Gray (eds.), 115-127.
  • Phillips, Betty S. 1983 “Constraints on syllables and quantitative changes in early English”, Linguistics 21: 879-895.
  • 1992 “Open syllable lengthening and the Ormulum”, Word 43: 375-382.
  • Quirk, Randolph - Charles L. Wrenn 1957 An Old English grammar. (2nd edition.) London: Methuen.
  • Rauch, Irmengard - Gerald F. Carr - Robert L. Kyes (eds.) 1992 On Germanic linguistics: Issues and methods. (Trends in Linguistics: Studies and Monographs 68.) Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
  • Riffer-Maček, Dora 1966 “The graphemic inventory of a Middle English manuscript”, Studia Romanica etAnglica Zagrabiensia 21-22: 127-136.
  • Rissanen, Matti - Ossi Ihalainen - Terttu Nevalainen - Irma Taavitsainen (eds.) 1992 History of Englishes: New methods and interpretations in historical linguistics. (Topics in English Linguistics 10.) Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
  • Robinson, Orrin W. 1992 Old English and its closest relatives: A survey of the earliest Germanic languages.
  • London: Routledge.
  • Schmitt, Lorenz 1907 Die Akzente in altenglischen Handschriften mit Berücksichtigun der Akzente im Lateinischenund Althochdeutschen. Bonn: Emil Eisele.
  • Scragg, Donald G. 2003 “Standard Old English: Scribal practices in the eleventh century”, Revista Canaria deEstudios Ingleses 47: 37-44.
  • Sisam, Kenneth 1932 “MSS. Bodley 340 and 342: Ælfric’s Catholic Homilies”, The Review of EnglishStudies 8, 29: 51-68. 1933 “MSS. Bodley 340 and 342: Ælfric’s Catholic Homilies”, The Review of EnglishStudies 9, 33: 1-12.
  • Smith, Jeremy J. 2007 Sound change and the history of English. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Stanley, Eric G. - Douglas Gray (eds.) 1983 Five hundred years of words and sounds: A Festschrift for Eric Dobson. Cambridge: Brewer.
  • Sweet, Henry 1884 First Middle English primer. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1888 A history of English sounds from the earliest period. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Ten Brink, Bernhard 1876 “Zum englischen Vocalismus”, Zeitschrift für deutsches Alterthum und deutscheLitteratur 19: 211-228.
  • Thompson, Edward M. 1901 “The history of English handwriting A.D. 700-1400”, Transactions of the BibliographicalSociety 5: 213-253.
  • Tops, Guy A. J. - Betty Devriendt - Steven Geukens (eds.) 1999 Thinking English grammar (To honour Xavier Dekeyser, Professor Emeritus, Orbis Supplementa, vol. 12.) Leuven: Peeters.
  • Trautmann, Moritz 1884 “Orm’s doppelkonsonanten”, Anglia 7/2: 94-99. 1896 “Orms doppelzeichen bei Sweet und bei Morsbach”, Anglia 18: 371-381.
  • Venezky, Richard L. 1965 A study of English spelling-to-sound correspondences on historical principles. [Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University.] Wardale, Edith E. 1962 An introduction to Middle English. London: Routledge & Kegan.
  • Wełna, Jerzy 1998 “The functional relationship between rules (Old English voicing of fricatives and lengthening of vowels before homorganic clusters)”, in: Jacek Fisiak - Marcin Krygier (eds.), 471-484. 1999 “Middle English vowel length and the cluster : More on quantity changes before homorganic clusters”, in: Guy A. J. Tops et al. (eds.), 143-155. 2000 “Some remarks on the nonprimary contexts for homorganic lengthening”, in: Irma Taavitsainen et al. (eds.), 475-487.
  • White, Robert M. (ed.) 1852 The Ormulum. (2 vols.) Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Wright, Cyril E. (ed.) 1960 English vernacular hands from the twelfth to the fifteenth centuries. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Wright, Joseph - Mary E. Wright 1928 An elementary Middle English grammar. (2nd edition.) London: Oxford University Press.
  • Wyld, Henry C. 1919 Kurze Geschichte des Englischen. Heidelberg: Winter. 1927 A short history of English. (3rd edition.) London: Murray.
  • Zottl, Christian M. 2007 “Who so wilneþ to be wijs: Concerning some major features of Orm’s orthographical system of Middle English”, Concilium Medii Aevi 10: 43-52.

Document Type

Publication order reference

Identifiers

YADDA identifier

bwmeta1.element.doi-10_2478_v10121-012-0011-y
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.