The impact of crime on security in tourism

• Authors: Hrvoje Mataković , Ivana Cunjak Mataković
• Languages of publication: EN

Abstracts

EN

Objectives Tourism has become one of the main economic sectors of the 21st century. Today, tourism is facing various security threats such as terrorism, crime and potential armed conflicts, and the most common security threat to tourism is crime. The aim of this paper is to analyse how crime affects security in tourism and to describe the consequences of crime for tourism. Methods A descriptive method was used in this paper to explain the concept of security in tourism and to analyse the relationship between tourism and crime. The data was drawn from the scientific and professional literature and policy documents on this subject. Results The impact of crime on tourism can be seen on two levels: the macro and micro levels. The impact of crime on the macro level refers to its effects on society in general, on the social community or tourist destination, and the impact of crime at the micro level refers to the effects of crime on individuals. The most significant impact of crime on a tourist destination is the negative image of the destination, resulting in reduced tourist demand. The impact of crime on the micro level is evident in the influence on the behaviour and attitudes of tourists, and their decision to visit or revisit a destination where criminal incidents happen. Conclusions Crime can have a very negative impact on tourism and security in tourism can not be taken for granted, so it is necessary to make significant efforts to ensure a safe environment for tourists. In order to prevent crime and to create a safe environment for tourists, it is necessary to ensure the cooperation all stakeholders involved in tourism: the tourism industry, local community, national authorities, police and state agencies.

Keywords

EN

tourism; security; crime; victimisation

• Publisher: Akademia Sztuki Wojennej
• Journal: Security and Defence Quarterly
• Year: 2019
• Volume: 27
• Issue: 5
• Pages: 1-20

Dates

published

2019-12-24

Contributors

author

Hrvoje Mataković

• Institute for Tourism, Zagreb, Croatia

author

Ivana Cunjak Mataković

• Centar-Revizija d.o.o., Karlovac, Croatia

References

• Adam, I. and Adongo, C.A., 2016. Do backpackers suffer crime? Empirical investigation of crime perpetrated against backpackers in Ghana. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 27, 60-67. doi: 10.1016/j.jhtm.2016.03.003.
• Ajagunna, I., 2006. Crime and harassment in Jamaica: consequences for sustainability of the tourism industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 18 (3), 253-259. doi: 10.1108/09596110610658652.
• de Albuquerque, K. and McElroy, J., 1999. Tourism and crime in the Caribbean. Annals of Tourism Research, 26 (4), 968-984. doi: 10.1016/S0160-7383(99)00031-6.
• Alleyne, D. and Boxill, I., 2003. The impact of crime on tourist arrivals in Jamaica. International Journal of Tourism Research, 5 (5), 381-391. doi:10.1002/jtr.444.
• Andereck, K.L., Valentine, K.M., Knopf, R.C. and Vogt, C.A., 2005. Residents’ perceptions of community tourism impacts. Annals of Tourism Research, 32 (4), 1056-1076. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2005.03.001.
• Baker D. and Stockton, S., 2014. Tourism and Crime in America: A preliminary assessment of the relationship between the number of tourists and crime, two major American tourist cities. International Journal of Safety and Security in Tourism, 5, 1-25.
• Barclay, E., Mawby, R.I. and Jones, C. 2015. Tourism, Leisure, and Crime. Oxford Handbooks Online. [online]. Available from: https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935383.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199935383-e-009. [Accessed 17 Jul 2019].
• Barker, M., Page, S.J. and Meyer, D., 2003. Urban visitor perceptions of safety during a special event. Journal of Travel Research, 41, 355–361. doi: 10.1177/0047287503041004004.
• Becker, G., 1968. Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach. Journal of Political Economy, 76 (2), 169-217. doi: 10.1086/259394.
• Biagi, B., Brandono, M.G. and Detotto, C., 2012. The effect of tourism on crime in Italy: A dynamic panel approach. Economics: The Open-Access, Open-Assessment E-Journal, 6, 1-24. doi: 10.5018/economics-ejournal.ja.2012-25.
• Biagi, B. and Detotto, C., 2014. Crime as tourism externality. Regional Studies, 48 (4), 693-709. doi: 10.1080/00343404.2011.649005.
• Boakye, K.A. 2010. Studying tourists’ suitability as crime targets. Annals of Tourism Research, 37 (3), 727–743.
• Boakye, K.A., 2012. Tourists’ views on safety and vulnerability. A study of some selected towns in Ghana. Tourism Management, 33 (2), 327-333. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2011.03.013.
• Boxill, I., 2012. Linking tourism security to national security: A brief comment on the implications of the Christopher Coke Saga. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 4 (1), 26-31.doi: 10.1108/17554211211198561.
• Brás, M. and Rodrigues, V., 2010. Turismo e Crime: Efeitos da Criminalidade na Procura Turística. Revista Encontros Científicos - Tourism & Management Studies, 6, 59-68.
• Brunt, P. and Brophy, K., 2004. English seaside resorts and the deviant tourist. Acta Turistica, 16 (1), 3-30.
• Brunt, P. and Courtney, P., 1999. Host perceptions of sociocultural impacts. Annals of Tourism Research, 26 (3), 493-515.
• Brunt, P. and Hambly, Z., 1999. Tourism and Crime: A Research Agenda. Crime Prevention and Community Safety: An International Journal, 1 (2), 25-36. doi: 10.1057/palgrave.cpcs.8140013.
• Brunt, P. and Hooton, N., 2010. Community Responses to Tourism and Crime. Crime Prevention and Community Safety: an international journal, 12 (1), 42-57. doi: 10.1057/cpcs.2009.7.
• Brunt, P., Mawby, R. and Hambly, Z., 2000. Tourist victimisation and the fear of crime on holiday. Tourism Management, 21 (4), 417-424. doi: 10.1016/s0261-5177(99)00084-9.
• Brunt, P. and Shepherd, D., 2004. The influence of crime on tourist decision-making: Some empirical evidence. Tourism, 52 (4), 317-328.
• Brown, C.B., 2015. Tourism, crime and risk perception: An examination of broadcast media's framing of negative Aruban sentiment in the Natalee Holloway case and its impact on tourism demand. Tourism Management Perspectives, 16, 266-277. doi: 10.1016/j.tmp.2014.12.001.
• Byrd, E.T., Bosley, H.E. and Dronberger, M.G., 2009. Comparisons of stakeholder perceptions of tourism impacts in rural eastern North Carolina. Tourism Management, 30, 693-703. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2008.10.021.
• Carić, A., 1999. Tourism-related crime – forms, causes and prevention. Turizam, 47 (1), 19-25.
• Chesney-Lind, M. and Lind, I., 1986. Visitors as victims: Crimes against tourists in Hawaii. Annals of Tourism Research, 13 (2), 167-191. doi: 10.1016/0160-7383(86)90036-8.
• Cohen, E., 1997. Tourism-related Crime: Towards a Sociology of Crime and Tourism. Visions in Leisure and Business, 16 (1), 4-14.
• Cohen, L.E. and Felson, M., 1979. Social Change and Crime Rate Trends: A Routine Activity Approach. American Sociological Review, 44 (4), 588-608. doi: 10.2307/2094589.
• Crotts, J. C., 1996. Theoretical Perspectives on Tourist Criminal Victimisation. The Journal of Tourism Studies, 7 (1), 2-9.
• Dimanche, F. and Lepetic, A., 1999. New Orleans Tourism and Crime: A Case Study. Journal of Travel Research, 38 (1), 19-23. doi: 10.1177/004728759903800105.
• Eman, K., Lobnikar, B., Petrovskiy, A. and Meško, G., 2018. Perceptions of safety/security as factors in selecting a tourist destination : a comparison between Portorož (Slovenia) and Gelendzhik (Russia). In: G. Meško, B. Lobnikar, K. Prislan, R. Hacin (eds.), Criminal justice and security in Central and Eastern Europe : from common sense to evidence-based policy-making: conference proceedings. Maribor, Slovenia, September 25-27, 2018, pp. 485-496.
• Florida Police ask for tourist tax dollars to fight crime, 2014. [online]. Available from: https://www.travelmole.com/news_feature.php?c=setreg&region=3&m_id=~Avdmmn&w_id=9702&news_id=2010156 [Accessed 30 November 2018].
• Floyd, M.F., Gibson, H., Pennington-Gray, L. and Thapa, B., 2003. The Effect of Risk Perceptions on Intentions to Travel in the Aftermath of September 11, 2001. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 15 (2-3), 19-38. doi: 10.1300/j073v15n02_02.
• Fujii, E.T. and Mak, J., 1980. Tourism and crime: Implications for regional development policy. Regional Studies, 14 (1), 27-36. doi: 10.1080/09595238000185031.
• George, R., 2003. Tourist's perceptions of safety and security while visiting Cape Town. Tourism Management, 24 (5), 575-585. doi: 10.1016/s0261-5177(03)00003-7.
• George, R., 2010. Visitor perceptions of crime-safety and attitudes towards risk: The case of Table Mountain National Park, Cape Town. Tourism Management, 31 (6), 806-815. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2009.08.011.
• George, R. and Booyens, I., 2014. Township Tourism Demand: Tourists’ Perceptions of Safety and Security. Urban Forum, 25, 449-467. doi: 10.1007/s12132-014-9228-2.
• Ghaderi, Z., Saboori, B. and Khoshkam, M., 2017. Does security matter in tourism demand? Current Issues in Tourism, 20 (6), 552-565. doi: 10.1080/13683500.2016.1161603.
• Grinols, E.L., Mustard, D.B. and Staha, M., 2011. How do visitors affect crime? Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 27 (3), 363–378. doi: 10.1007/s10940-010-9128-0.
• Gursoy, D., Chi, C.G. and Dye, P., 2010. Locals’ Attitudes toward Mass and Alternative Tourism: The Case of Sunshine Coast. Australia Journal of Travel Research, 49 (3), 381-394. doi: 10.1177/0047287509346853.
• Hall, C.M., Timothy, D.J. and Duvall, D.T., 2003. Security and Tourism: Towards a New Understanding? Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 15 (2-3), 1-18.
• Harper, D.W., 2006. The Tourist and His Criminal: Patterns in Street Robbery. In Y. Mansfeld and A. Pizam (eds.), Tourism, Security and Safety: From Theory to Practice. New York : Butterworth – Heinemann, pp. 125-137.
• Holcomb, J. and Pizam, A., 2006. Do Incidents of Theft at Tourist Destinations Have a Negative Effect on Tourists’ Decisions to Travel to Affected Destinations? In Y. Mansfeld and A. Pizam (eds.), Tourism, Security and Safety: From Theory to Practice. New York : Butterworth – Heinemann, pp. 105-124.
• Jarrell, S. and Howsen, R.M., 1990. Transient Crowding and Crime: The More ‘Strangers’ in an Area, the More Crime Except for Murder, Assault and Rape. American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 49 (4), 483-494. doi: 10.1111/j.1536-7150.1990.tb02476.x.
• Johnny, L. and Jordan, L.‐A., 2007. Tourism and Crime in the Caribbean: A case study of St Lucia. Annals of Leisure Research, 10 (3-4), 475-497. doi: 10.1080/11745398.2007.9686777.
• Jud, G.D., 1975. Tourism and crime in Mexico. Social Science Quarterly, 56 (2), 324–330.
• Khalil, S., Khan Kakar, M. and Waliullah, 2007. Role of Tourism in Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from Pakistan Economy. The Pakistan Development Review, 46 (4), 985-995. doi: 10.30541/v46i4iipp.985-995.
• Lisowska, A., 2017. Crime in tourism destinations: research review. Turyzm / Tourism, 27 (1), 31-39. doi: 10.18778/0867-5856.27.1.12.
• Mansfeld, Y. and Pizam, A., 2006. Summary and Conclusions. In Y. Mansfeld and A. Pizam (eds.), Tourism, Security and Safety: From Theory to Practice. New York : Butterworth – Heinemann, pp. 353-354.
• Mawby, R.I., 2000. Tourists’ perceptions of security: the risk–fear paradox. Tourism Economics, 6 (2), 109-121. doi: 10.5367/000000000101297514.
• Mawby, R.I., 2002. The Land that Crime Forgot? Auditing the Isles of Scilly. Crime Prevention and Community Safety, 4 (2), 39-53. doi: 10.1057/palgrave.cpcs.8140122.
• Mawby, R.I., 2014. Responding to tourist victims of crime: Lessons the UK can learn. Crime Prevention and Community Safety, 16 (4), 294-300. doi: 10.1057/cpcs.2014.12.
• Mawby, R.I., Brunt, P. and Hambly, Z. 1999. Victimisation on holiday: A British survey. International Review of Victimology, 6, 201–211.
• Mawby, R.I., Tecău, A.S., Constantin, C., Chițu, I.B. and Tescașiu, B., 2016. Addressing the Security Concerns of Locals and Visitors for the Sustainable Development of Tourist Destinations. Sustainability, 8 (6), 524. doi: 10.3390/su8060524.
• McElroy, J.L., 2006. The Growth of the Caribbean Narcoeconomy: Implications for Tourism. In Y. Mansfeld and A. Pizam (eds.), Tourism, Security and Safety: From Theory to Practice. New York : Butterworth – Heinemann, pp. 87-104.
• de Melo, S.N., Pereira, D.V.S., Andresen, M.A. and Fonseca Matias, L., 2018. Spatial/Temporal Variations of Crime: A Routine Activity Theory Perspective. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 62 (7), 1967-1991. doi: 10.1177/0306624x17703654.
• Michalko, G., 2003. Tourism Eclipsed by Crime. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 15 (2-3), 159-172.
• Montolio, D. and Planells-Struse, S. (2016). Does tourism boost criminal activity? Evidence from a top touristic country. Crime & Delinquency, 62 (12), 1597–1623. doi: 10.1177/0011128713505489.
• Palanca-Tan, R., Garces, L.P.D.M., Purisima, A.N.C. and Zaratan, A.C.L., 2015. Tourism and Crime: Evidence from the Philippines. Southeast Asian Studies, 4 (3), 565-580.
• Pelfrey W.V., 1998. Tourism and crime: A preliminary assessment of the relationship of crime to the number of visitors at selected sites. International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, 22 (2), 293–304. doi: 10.1080/01924036.1998.9678624.
• Pizam, A., 1999. A Comprehensive Approach to Classifying Acts of Crime and Violence at Tourism Destinations. Journal of Travel Research, 38 (1), 5-12. doi: 10.1177/004728759903800103.
• Pizam, A. and Mansfeld, Y., 2006. Toward a Theory of Tourism Security. In Y. Mansfeld and A. Pizam (eds.), Tourism, Security and Safety: From Theory to Practice. New York : Butterworth – Heinemann, pp. 1-27.
• Prideaux, B., 1996. The tourism crime cycle: A beach destination case study. In A. Pizam and Y. Mansfeld (eds.), Tourism, Crime and International Security Issues. Chichester : Wiley, pp. 59-76.
• Ryan, C., 1993. Crime, violence, terrorism and tourism. An accidental or intrinsic relationship? Tourism Management, 14 (3), 173-183. doi: 10.1016/0261-5177(93)90018-g.
• Seabra, C., Dolnicar, S., Abrantes, J.L. and Kastenholz, E., 2013. Heterogeneity in risk and safety perceptions of international tourists. Tourism Management, 36, 502-510. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2012.09.008.
• Schiebler, S.A., Crotts, J.C. and Hillinger, R.C., 1995. Florida tourists’ vulnerability to crime. In A. Pizam and Y. Mansfeld, Y. (eds.): Tourism, Crime and International Security Issues. Chichester : Wiley, pp. 37-50.
• Smith, M.D. and Krannich, R.S., 1998. Tourism dependence and resident attitudes. Annals of Tourism Research, 25 (4), 783-802. doi: 10.1016/s0160-7383(98)00040-1.
• Sönmez, S. and Graefe, A.R., 1998. Influence of Terrorism Risk on Foreign Tourism Decisions. Annals of Tourism Research, 25 (1), 112-144. doi: 10.1016/s0160-7383(97)00072-8.
• Šarić, F., 2018. „I britanski policajci dolaze u Hrvatsku?“, Večernji list [online]. Available from: https://www.vecernji.hr/vijesti/i-britanski-policajci-dolaze-u-hrvatsku-1255423 [Accessed 14 July 2018].
• Tarlow, P.E., 2006. A Social Theory of Terrorism and Tourism. In Y. Mansfeld and A. Pizam (eds.), Tourism, Security and Safety: From Theory to Practice. New York : Butterworth – Heinemann, pp. 33-48.
• Tsaur, S.H., Tzeng, G.H. and Wang, G.C., 1997. The application of AHP and fuzzy MCDM on the evaluation study of tourist risk. Annals of Tourism Research, 24 (4), 796-812. doi: 10.1016/s0160-7383(97)00059-5.
• Walker, L. and Page, S.J., 2007. The Visitor Experience of Crime: The Case of Central Scotland. Current Issues in Tourism, 10 (6), 505-542. doi: 10.2167/cit333.0.
• Walmsley, D.J., Boskovic, R.M. and Pigram, J.J., 1983. Tourism and Crime: An Australian Perspective. Journal of Leisure Research, 15 (2), 136-155. doi: 10.1080/00222216.1983.11969549.
• World Travel & Tourism Council, 2018. Travel & Tourism Economic Impact 2018. London : World Travel & Tourism Council.

Identifiers

DOI

10.35467/sdq/115539