Full-text resources of CEJSH and other databases are now available in the new Library of Science.
Visit https://bibliotekanauki.pl

PL EN


2018 | 2 | 1 | 113-130

Article title

NO MORE GRID GIRLS AT FORMULA ONE: THE DISCOURSE ANALYSIS ON HOSTESSES’ SEXUALIZED BODIES, OBJECTIFICATION, AND FEMALE AGENCY

Content

Title variants

Languages of publication

Abstracts

EN
At the beginning of 2018, Liberty Media, the owner of Formula One (hereafter, F1), decided to drop so-called grid girls from the race weekends beginning with the 2018 season, which has created an opportunity to analyze the perception of hostesses’ status and their bodies in contemporary sport. The discourse on the decision and the partial concessions in its enforcement is analyzed within the theoretical framework related to second and third waves of the feminist movement and the concepts of sexual objectification and agency. The results reveal that the grid girls’ presence is perceived both as unsuitable for modern times, values and #metoo culture climate and as “normal” and a “good tradition.” Additionally, the grid girls themselves accuse feminists of having caused them to lose their jobs, arguing that, although their positions are based on physical attractiveness and a sexualized body, it has been done by them voluntarily and with pleasure. The discourse on gird girls in F1 fits into the critical discourses on female (sexualized) body images in sport, but, on the other hand, it includes persons who have usually not been taken into account because of their auxiliary role in sports events.

Year

Volume

2

Issue

1

Pages

113-130

Physical description

Dates

published
2018

Contributors

  • Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań

References

  • Adams, Natalie and Pamela Bettis. 2003. “Commanding the Room in Short Skirts. Cheering as the Embodiment of Ideal Girlhood.” Gender & Society 17(1): 73‒91. DOI: 10.1177/0891243202238979
  • Anderson, Eric. 2011. “Masculinities and Sexualities in Sport and Physical Cultures: Three Decades of Evolving Research.” Journal of Homosexuality 5: 565–578. DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2011.563652
  • Balkmar, Dag. 2012. On Men and Cars. An ethnographic study of gendered, risky and dangerous relations. University dissertation from Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press.
  • Bettis, Pamela and Natalie Adams. 2006. “Short Skirts and Breast Juts: Cheerleading, Eroticism and Schools.” Sex Education 6(2): 121–133. DOI: 10.1080/14681810600578800
  • Bissell, Kimberly L. and Andrea M. Duke. 2007. “Bump, set, spike: An analysis of commentary and camera angles of women’s beach volleyball during the 2004 Summer Olympics.” Journal of Promotion Management 13: 35–53. DOI: 10.1300/J057v13n01_04
  • Bourdieu, Pierre. 2004. Męska dominacja [Masculine domination – Polish edition]. Warszawa: Oficyna Naukowa.
  • Boyatzis, Richard E. 1998. Transforming qualitative information: Thematic analysis and code development. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Braun, Virginia and Victoria Clarke. 2006. “Using thematic analysis in psychology.” Qualitative Research in Psychology 3 (2): 77-101. DOI: 10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
  • Brennan, Siofra. 2018. “From a ‘60s Japanese pop star to Katie Price and Love Island’s Olivia Atwood: How the grid girl ban spells the end of a long and VERY colourful part of Formula One history.” Retrieved April 20, 2018 (http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-5336079/Grid-girl-ban-spellsend-colourful-Formula-One.html).
  • Burstyn, Varda. 2004. The Rites of Men: Manhood, Politics, and the Culture of Sport. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
  • Claringbould, Inge and Annelies Knoppers. 2012. “Paradoxical practices of gender in sport-related organizations.” Journal of Sport Management 26(5): 404-416. DOI: 10.1123/jsm.26.5.404
  • Connell, Raewyn W. 1987. Gender and Power. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Connell Raewyn W. and James W. Messerschmidt. 2005. “Hegemonic Masculinity: Rethinking the Concept.” Gender & Society 19(6): 829 – 859. DOI: 10.1177/0891243205278639
  • Davis, Paul. 2010. “Sexualization and sexuality in sport.” Pp. 57-63. In Philosophical perspectives on gender in sport and physical activity, edited by P. Davis and C. Weaving. London: Routledge.
  • Fine, Michelle. 2002. Disruptive Voices: The Possibilities for Feminist Research. Ann Arbour: University of Michigan Press.
  • Fink, Janet. 2015. “Female athletes, women’s sport, and the sport media commercial complex: Have we really “come a long way, baby”?”, Sport Management Review 18(3): 331-342. DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2014.05.001
  • “Formuła 1: “grid girls” wrócą na tor w Monte Carlo. “Monako to nie jest Spa czy Monza”.” 2018. Retrieved April 20, 2018 (https://www.polskieradio.pl/43/279/Artykul/2090304,Formula-1-grid-girlswroca-na-tor-w-Monte-Carlo-Monako-to-nie-jest-Spa-czy-Monza).
  • “Formuła 1. “Grid kids” zastąpią “grid girls””. 2018. Retrieved April 20, 2018. (http://www.sport.pl/F1/7,96296,22987584,formula-1-grid-kids-zastapia-grid-girls.html)
  • “Formuła 1. Grid kids zastąpią grid girls. Środowisko protestuje.” 2018. Retrieved April 20, 2018 (http://www.sport.pl/F1/56,96296,22988041,formula-1-grid-kids-zastapia-grid-girls.html).
  • “Formuła 1 już bez grid girls. Piękne kobiety nie pojawią się podczas wyścigów.” 2018. Retrieved April 20, 2018 (https://sport.onet.pl/formula-1/formula-1-juz-bez-grid-girls/p5nhz2j)
  • „Formuła 1 obiecuje dalej mieć ładne dziewczyny na wyścigach.” 2018. Retrieved April 20, 2018 (http://www.f1.v10.pl/Formula,1,obiecuje,dalej,miec,ladne,dziewczyny,na,wyscigach,150709.html).
  • Gill, Rosalind. 2003. “From sexual objectification to sexual subjectification: the resexualisation of women’s bodies in the media.” Feminist Media Studies 3(1): 99-106. DOI:10.1080/1468077032000080158
  • Gill, Rosalind. 2008. “Empowerment/sexism: Figuring female sexual agency in contemporary advertising.” Feminism and Psychology 18(1): 35-60. DOI: 10.1177/0959353507084950
  • „Grid girls mają wrócić do F1 w Monako i być może w Rosji.” 2018. Retrieved April 20, 2018 (http://www.f1.v10.pl/Grid,girls,maja,wrocic,do,F1,w,Monako,i,byc,moze,w,Rosji,151731.html).
  • „Grid girls znikną z torów Formuły 1.” 2018. Retrieved April 20, 2018 (http://wrc.net.pl/grid-girls-znikna-z-torow-formuly-1)
  • Gutowski, Cezary. 2018. „Lauda o właścicielach Formuły 1: Czy oni oszaleli?”. Retrieved April 20, 2018 (https://www.przegladsportowy.pl/motosporty/formula-1/wlasciciele-formuly-1-nie-chca-grid-girlsw-f1/72r0hwk).
  • Heywood, Leslie. 2008. “Third-wave feminism, the global economy, and women’s surfing: Sport as stealth feminism in girls’ surf culture.” Pp. 63-82. In Next wave cultures: Feminism, subcultures, activism, edited by A. Harris. Oxon: Routledge.
  • Heywood, Leslie and Shari L. Dworkin. 2003. Built to win: The female athlete as cultural icon. London: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Hovden, Jorid. 2000. “Heavyweight” men and younger women? The gendering of selection processes in Norwegian sport organizations.” NORA - Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research 8(1): 17-32. DOI: 10.1080/080387400408035
  • Jakubowska, Honorata. 2014. Gra ciałem. Praktyki i dyskursy różnicowania płci w sporcie. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
  • Jhally, Sut. 1984. “The Spectacle of Accumulation: Material and Cultural Factors in the Evolution of the Sport/Media Complex.” The Insurgent Sociologist 12(3): 41–57. DOI: 10.1177/089692058401200304
  • Khomutova, Anastasiya and Alex Channon. 2015. “‘Legends’ in ‘Lingerie’: Sexuality and Athleticism in the 2013 Legends Football League US Season.” Sociology of Sport Journal 32(2): 161-182. DOI: 1123/ssj.2014-0054
  • Kim, Eunyi, Walkosz, Barbara J. and Joel Iverson. 2006. “USA Today’s coverage of the top women golfers, 1998–2001.” The Howard Journal of Communications 17: 307–321. DOI:10.1080/10646170600966550
  • Krueger, Richard A. and Mary A. Casey. 2000. Focus Groups. A Practical Guide for Applied Research (3rd Edition). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Kuczera, Łukasz. 2018a. “Formuła E popiera decyzję ws. grid girls. Witamy w XXI wieku.” Retrieved April 20, 2018 (https://sportowefakty.wp.pl/formula-1/735504/formula-e-popiera-decyzje-ws-grid-girls-witamy-w-xxi-wieku).
  • Kuczera, Łukasz. 2018b. “Grid girl uderzają w feministki. Nie pytają nas o zdanie.” Retrieved April 20, 2018 (https://sportowefakty.wp.pl/formula-1/735612/grid-girls-uderzaja-w-feministki-nie-pytaja-nas-o-zdanie).
  • Letherby, Gayle and Gillian Reynolds, eds., 2009. Gendered Journeys, Mobile Emotions. Aldershot: Ashgate.
  • Lippe, Gerd von der. 2013. “Discourses on women’s dress codes in beach volleyball and boxing: In the context of the current consumer culture.” Pp. 140-158. In Gender and Sport: Changes and Challenges, edited by G. Pfister and M. K. Sisjord. Münster: Waxmann.
  • McCormack, Mark. 2011. “Hierarchy Without Hegemony: Locating Boys in an Inclusive School Setting.” Sociological Perspectives 1: 83–101. DOI: 10.1525/sop.2011.54.1.83
  • McKay, Jim, Michael A. Messner and Donald F. Sabo, eds., 2000. Masculinities, Gender Relations and Sport. London: Sage.
  • McLeod, Carolyn. 2010. “Mere and partial means: The full range of the objectification of women.” Pp. 64-82. In Philosophical perspectives on gender in sport and physical activity, edited by P. Davis and C. Weaving. London: Routledge.
  • Mellström, Ulf. 2002. “Patriarchal Machines and Masculine Embodiement.” Science, Technology and Human Values 27(4): 460-478. DOI: 10.1177/016224302236177
  • Mellström, Ulf. 2004. “Machines and Masculine Subjectivity. Technology as an Integral Part of Men’s Life Experiences.” Men and Masculinities. Special Issue: Masculinities and Technologies, 6(4): 368-382. DOI: 10.1177/1097184X03260960
  • Messner, Michael A., 1992. Power at Play: Sports and the Problem of Masculinity. Boston: Beacon Press.
  • Mitak, Przemysław. 2018. “Promotorzy GP w Rosji także naciskają na powrót grid girls.” Retrieved April 20, 2018 (http://www.motorsportgp.pl/aktualnosci-formula-1/promotorzy-gp-rosji-takze-naciskajana-powrot-grid-girls).
  • Moritz, Amy. 2011. “Cheerleading: not just for the sidelines anymore.” Sport in Society 14(5): 660-669. DOI: 10.1080/17430437.2011.575109
  • Organista, Natalia and Zuzanna Mazur. 2016. „„Piękne kobiety pięknie tańczą” czy „uprzedmiotowienie i upokorzenie”? Analiza dyskursu o cheerleadingu w kontekście mistrzostw Europy w piłce ręcznej mężczyzn w 2016 roku.” Przegląd Socjologii Jakościowej 12(4): 118–143.
  • Pfister, Gertrud and Sabine Radtke. 2009. “Sport, women and leadership: Results of a project on executives in German sports organizations.” European Journal of Sport Science 9: 229–243. DOI: 10.1080/17461390902818286
  • Prochota, Andrzej. 2018. „Grid girls niezadowolone z decyzji F1. Kochamy naszą pracę.” Retrieved April 20, 2018 (https://sportowefakty.wp.pl/formula-1/735585/grid-girls-niezadowolone-z-decyzji-f1-kochamy-nasza-prace).
  • Pronger, Brian. 1990. The Arena of Masculinity: Sports, Homosexuality and the Meaning of Sex. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
  • Rowe, David. 2004. Sport, Culture and the Media. Berkshire: Open University Press.
  • Rowe, Rowe. 2013. “The Sport/Media Complex.” Pp. 61-77. In A Companion to Sport, edited by D. L. Andrews and B. Carrington. Chichester: Blackwell Publishing Ltd
  • Saner, Emine. 2018. “‘Grid girls’: F1 follows darts by calling time on women in hotpants.” Retrieved April 20, 2018 (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/feb/02/grid-girls-f1-follows-darts-by-callingtime-on-women-in-hotpants).
  • Smart, Barry. 2005. The Sport Star: Modern Sport and the Cultural Economy of Sporting Celebrity. London: Sage Publications.
  • Uteng, Tanu Priya and Tim, Cresswell, eds. 2008. Gendered Mobilities. Aldershot: Ashgate.
  • “Which sports still use ‘walk-on girls’?”. 2018. Retrieved April 20, 2018 (http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-42907570).

Document Type

Publication order reference

Identifiers

Biblioteka Nauki
1036480

YADDA identifier

bwmeta1.element.ojs-doi-10_14746_sr_2018_2_1_07
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.