Full-text resources of CEJSH and other databases are now available in the new Library of Science.
Visit https://bibliotekanauki.pl

PL EN


2023 | 67 | 2 | 145-160

Article title

Credit Rating Agencies in the Face of the War in Ukraine

Content

Title variants

PL
Agencje ratingowe wobec wojny w Ukrainie

Languages of publication

Abstracts

PL
Celem artykułu było znalezienie odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy ratingi przed inwazją Rosji na Ukrainę w 2022 r. odzwierciedlały ryzyko geopolityczne oraz czy decyzje agencji ratingowych podjęte w następstwie wybuchu wojny trafnie informowały uczestników rynku finansowego o wpływie ryzyka powstania konfliktu zbrojnego na ryzyko kredytowe. Działania ratingowe w odpowiedzi na agresję Rosji w 2022 r. wskazują na niedoszacowanie ryzyka geopolitycznego oraz ryzyka politycznego w Rosji, w tym ryzyka związanego z rządami autokratycznymi. Schemat działań ratingowych różni się od zastosowanego w 2014 r., a także odbiega od wzorca stosowanego w ostatnich dwóch dekadach podczas wybuchów kryzysów o podłożu ekonomicznym. Agencje ratingowe sygnalizowały wysoki poziom niepewności geopolitycznej, co sugeruje konieczność zmiany podejścia na „point-in-time” ze względu na to, że ryzyko geopolityczne znacząco ogranicza możliwość zastosowania formuły „through-the-cycle”.
EN
The aim of this study was to find evidence of whether the ratings prior to Russia's reinvasion of Ukraine in 2022 reflected the geopolitical risks, and if the rating actions taken in response to the aggression accurately informed the financial market participants of the conflict's spillover impacts, transmitting them to the credit risk assessment. The rating actions in response to the Russia's reinvasion in 2022 indicate a considerable shock from the underestimation of geopolitical and political risks in Russia, including autocracy risks. The pattern of the rating actions differed from those in response to the invasion in 2014, and also varied from those used over the past two decades during the outbreak of crises with underlying economic drivers. The CRAs signalled a high level of geopolitical uncertainty which may involve a necessary shift to 'point-in-time' ratings, as 'through-the-cycle' ratings could have little relevance due to the lasting geopolitical risk.

Year

Volume

67

Issue

2

Pages

145-160

Physical description

Dates

published
2023

Contributors

  • SGH Warsaw School of Economics
  • SGH Warsaw School of Economics

References

  • Adelson, M. (2006). Rating shopping - now the consequences. Nomura Fixed Income Research. Retrieved from www.markadelson.com/pubs/Rating_Shopping.pdf
  • Al-Sakka, R., Gwilym, O., and Tuyey, N. V. (2014). The sovereign - bank rating channel and rating agencies' downgrades during the European crisis. Journal of International Money and Finance, 49(B), 235-257.
  • Amato, J. D., and Furfine, C. H. (2003). Are credit ratings procyclical? (BIS Working Papers No 129, BIS, February). Retrieved from https://www.bis.org/publ/work129.pdf
  • Bar-Isaac, H., and Shapiro, J. (2013). Ratings quality over the business cycle. Journal of Financial Economics, (108), 62-78.
  • Baum, C. F., Karapava, M., Schafer, D., and Stephan, A. (2014). Credit rating agency downgrades and the Eurozone sovereign debt crisis (NBP Working Paper no. 177). Warsaw: National Bank of Poland.
  • Becker, B., and Milbourn, T. (2008). How did increased competition affect credit ratings? (Working Paper 09-051). Harvard Business School. Retrieved from https://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/reputation-and-competition-evidence-from-the-creditrating-industry
  • Byoun, S., Fulkerson, J. A., Han, S. H., and Shin, Y. S. (2014). Are unsolicited ratings biased? Evidence from long-run stock performance. Journal of Banking and Finance, (42), 326-338.
  • Chodnicka-Jaworska, P. (2016). Kondycja finansowa sektora bankowego jako determinanta ratingów kredytowych banków. Optimum. Studia Ekonomiczne, (84), 25-43.
  • Chodnicka-Jaworska, P. (2019). Determinanty credit ratingów oraz ich wpływ na rynek finansowy. Warszawa: Polskie Wydawnictwo Ekonomiczne.
  • Covitz, D. M., Harrison, P. (2003). Testing conflicts of interest at bond rating agencies with market anticipation: That reputation incentive dominates. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, no 2003-68, December.
  • Darbellay, A. (2013). Regulating credit rating agency. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Dziawgo, D. (1998). Credit rating. Ryzyko i obligacje na międzynarodowym rynku finansowym. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
  • Elkhoury, M. (2008). Credit rating agencies and their potential impact on developing countries (UNCTAD Discussion Papers, No. 186 January 2008).
  • Fitch Rating.s (2022). What investors want to know: Volkswagen AG. Retrieved from https://www.fitchratings.com/research/ corporate-finance/what-investors-want-to-know-volkswagen-ag-09-06-2022
  • Frost, C. A. (2009). Credit rating agencies in capital markets: a review of research evidence on selected criticisms of the agencies. Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance, 22(3), 469-492.
  • Gomes, P. (2015, August 18). Do credit rating agencies piggyback? Evidence from sovereign debt ratings. Retrieved from www. eco.uc3m.es/~pgomes/Papers/Piggybacking_280913.pdf
  • GTNEWS, (2015, December 11). Have ratings agencies restored their reputation? Retrieved from https://www.gtnews.com/ articles/have-ratings-agencies-restored-their-reputation/.
  • Han, S. H., Pagano M. S., and Shin, Y. S. (2010).Rating agency reputation, the global financial crisis, and the cost of debt. Retrieved from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1680084
  • Jollineau, S. J., Tanllu, L. J., and Winn, A. (2014). Evaluating proposed remedies for credit rating agencies failures. Accounting Review, 89(4), 1399-1420.
  • Jones, M. (2020). How the coronavirus is crushing credit ratings, Reuters. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/ us-health-coronavirus-ratings-graphic-idUSKCN24U18Y .
  • Kashyap, A. K., Kovrijnykh, N. (2013). Who should pay for credit ratings and how? (NBER Working Paper Series 18923). Retrieved from http://www/nber.org/papers/w18923
  • Korzeb, Z., Kulpaka, P., and Niedziółka, P. (2019). Deoligopolizacja rynku agencji ratingowych oraz inne inicjatywy na rzecz poprawy jakości ratingów zewnętrznych w kontekście oddziaływania agencji ratingowych na stabilność finansową. Materiały i Studia, no 333. Warsaw: National Bank of Poland.
  • Korzeb, Z., Kulpaka, P., and Niedziółka, P. (2021). Agencje ratingowe oraz ratingi kredytowe - problemy i wyzwania u progu trzeciej dekady XXI wieku. Warszawa: CeDeWu.
  • Kraemer, M. (2021). Leading from behind: rating agencies' relaxed reaction to the pandemic. Cambridge: Bennet Institute for Public Policy. Retrieved from https://www.bennettinstitute.cam.ac.uk/blog/Sovereign-credit-ratings-during-COVID19/
  • Kraft, P. (2010). The role of rating agencies and conflicts of interest: Evidence from rating agency adjustments (Working Paper. University of Chicago).
  • Mathis, J., McAndrews, J., and Rochet, J. -C. (2009). Rating the raters. Are reputation concerns powerful enough to discipline rating agencies? Journal of Monetary Economics, 56(5), 657-674.
  • Mika, A. (2010). Agencje ratingowe a kryzys subprime. International Journal of Management and Economics, (27), 249-265.
  • Moody's. (2022a). Spillover impact from Russia-Ukraine crisis on global non-financial companies. Retrieved from https://www. moodys.com/researchdocumentcontentpage.aspx?docid=PBC_1330010
  • Moody's. (2022b). Vehicle sales to be virtually flat this year on lingering supply chain disruptions. Retrieved from https://www. moodys.com/researchdocumentcontentpage.aspx?docid=PBC_1331439
  • Moody's. (2022c). Russia's invasion of Ukraine disrupts supply chain for European automakers, a credit negative. Retrieved from https://www.moodys.com/researchdocumentcontentpage.aspx?docid=PBC_1320965
  • Mullard, M. (2012). The credit rating agencies and their contribution to the financial crisis. The Political Quarterly, 83(1), 77-95.
  • Niedziółka, P. (2013). Agencje ratingowe - instytucje wczesnego ostrzegania przed kryzysem czy podmioty destabilizujące rynki finansowe? Zarządzanie i Finanse, 2(1), 395-405.
  • Niedziółka, P. (2015). Europejski nadzór nad agencjami ratingowymi. In M. Zaleska (Ed.), Europejska Unia Bankowa. Warszawa: Difin.
  • Niedziółka, P., and Wołoszczenko-Hołda, Ł. (2017). Agencje ratingowe a ryzyko systemowe. In J. Szlachta, M. Zaleska, K. Żukrowska, and R. Towalski (Eds.), Społeczny kontekst ekonomii. Warszawa: Oficyna Wydawnicza SGH.
  • Partnoy, F. (2009). Overdependence on credit ratings was a primary cause of the crisis. SSRN Electronic Journal, http://dx.doi. org/10.2139/ssrn.1427167
  • Paudyn, B. (2013). Credit rating agencies and the sovereign debt crisis: performing the policies of creditworthiness through risk and uncertainty. Review of International Political Economy, 20(4), 788-818.
  • PKO BP. (2022). Monitoring branżowy: konsekwencje wojny w Ukrainie na sektor motoryzacyjny. Retrieved from https://www. pkobp.pl/centrum-analiz/analizy-sektorowe/transport-i-motoryzacja/monitoring-branzowy-konsekwencje-wojny-wukrainie-na-sektor-motoryzacyjny/
  • Portes, R. (2020). Credit ratings and the Covid-19 crisis. London Business School. Retrieved from https://fbf.eui.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Portes-CRAs-040620.pdf
  • Pruchnicka-Grabias, I., and Szelągowska, A. (2019). Agencje ratingowe a rynki akcji i obligacji. Warszawa: CeDeWu.
  • Pym, H. (2012). Do credit rating agencies threaten our financial stability? 28 February. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/ news/business-17142170 .
  • S&P Global. (2022a). Banking industry country risk assessment update: March 2022.
  • S&P Global. (2022b). Here Comes The Rain Again Global: Banking Outlook-Midyear 2022.
  • S&P Global. (2022c). Rating actions waypoint: The Russia-Ukraine conflict as of July 19, 2022. Retrieved from spglobal.com
  • Scope Ratings (2021). Sovereign rating methodology. Sovereign and public sector. Retrieved from https://www.scoperatings. com/ScopeRatingsApi/api/downloadmethodology?id=01508950-119c-4ab5-9182-54fffdc1003f
  • Śliwa, M. (2022). Jak wojna w Ukrainie wpłynęła na przemysł motoryzacyjny. Retrieved from https://moto.rp.pl/tu-i-teraz/ art36343091-jak-wojna-w-ukrainie-wplynela-na-przemysl-motoryzacyjny
  • Tang, F. (2022, February 26). Chinese agency lowers Ukraine sovereign debt rating in Russian invasion aftermath. South China Morning Post. Retrieved from https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3168524/chinese-agency-lowers-ukraine-sovereign-debt-rating-russian
  • Tichy, G. (2011). Credit ratings agencies: Part of the solution or part of the problem. Intereconomics, 46(5), 232-262.
  • Trading Economics. (2022). Retrieved from https://tradingeconomics.com/country-list/rating
  • Vincentiis, P., and Pia, P. (2016). Does the market trust credit rating agencies after the subprime crisis? A comparison between major and minor agencies. Eurasian Studies in Business and Economics, 2(1), 597-610.
  • Xia, H. (2014). Can investor-paid credit rating agencies improve the information quality of issuer-paid rating agencies? Journal of Financial Economics, (111), 450-468.
  • Zaleska, M. (red.). (2015). Europejska Unia Bankowa. Warszawa: Difin.

Document Type

Publication order reference

Identifiers

Biblioteka Nauki
2206350

YADDA identifier

bwmeta1.element.ojs-doi-10_15611_pn_2023_2_13
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.