The Armed Conflict in Darfur: Analysis of the Motives and Objectives of the Rebel Group

• Authors: Nagmeldin Karamalla-Gaiballa

Abstracts

EN

Many researchers seek to identify the most common factors that may increase the risk of wars, including civil wars. However, analysing the causes and economic drivers of conflict is receiving increasing attention, especially concerning civil wars in the poorest regions. The main purpose of this article is to present the process of creating armed groups in Darfur, as well as their ideology, internal divisions, stages of conflict and the emergence of these groups. This study attempted to analyse the motives and objectives of Darfuri rebel groups. Using a model created by Spittaels and Hilgert, we explain the relations between events on the ground and the motives and objectives behind the waging of a war, which in future could make it easier to outline the essence of the conflict.

Keywords

EN

Sudan; Darfur; Janjaweed; Fur; Zaghawa; Masalit

• Publisher: Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
• Journal: African Journal of Economics, Politics and Social Studies
• Year: 2022
• Issue: 1
• Pages: 65-75

Dates

published

2022

Contributors

author

Nagmeldin Karamalla-Gaiballa

• University of Commerce and Services in Poznań (Poland)

• https://orcid.org/0000000176133334

References

• Al Jazeera English. (2011). Sudan Army Kills Darfur Rebel Leader. Retrieved from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2011/12/26/sudan-army-kills-darfur-rebel-leader.
• Ali, A. A., Elbadawi, I. A., & El-Batahani, A. (2005). Sudan’s Civil War: Why Has It Prevailed For So Long? World Bank.
• Ali, H. E. (2015). Economic Costs of the Conflict in Darfur. In H. E. Ali (Ed.), Darfur’s Political Economy A Quest for Development. Routledge.
• Austrian Red Cross. (2017). Darfur COI Compilation September 2017. Retrieved from https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1410452/90_1506666527_accord-coi-compilation-darfur-september-2017.pdf.
• Awok, S., Mohamed, E., & Tahir, H. (2013). Prospects Of Community Forestry In Jebel Marra Area, Greater Darfur State, Sudan. Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, 1(2), 19–24.
• Busby, J. (2010). Feeding insecurity? Poverty, weak states, and climate change. In Confronting Poverty: Weak States and U.S. National Security.
• Cobham, A. (2005). Causes of conflict in Sudan: Testing the Black Book. European Journal of Development Research, 17(3). DOI: 10.1080/09578810500209254.
• Collier, P., Hoeffler, A. (1997). On Economic Causes of Civil War. Oxford: Centre for the Study of African Economics. University of Oxford.
• Copnall, J. (2013). Darfur Conflict: Sudan’s Bloody Stalemate. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/worldafrica-22336600.
• Cultural Survival. (n.d.). Peoples Of Darfur. Retrieved from https://www.culturalsurvival.org/news/peoples-darfur.
• Daly, M. W. (2010). Darfur’s Sorrow. Cambridge University Press.
• Diaz, F. A. (2016). Ethnic Conflict’? Armed Conflict From An Ethnic Perspective. SSRN Electronic Journal. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2763388.
• Duflos, Q. (n.d.). Deadly Clashes In Darfur Between Darfurian Farmers And Arab Herders Over Land Ownership. Human Rights Pulse. Retrieved from https://www.humanrightspulse.com/mastercontentblog/deadlyclashes-in-darfur-between-darfurian-farmers-and-arab-herders-over-land-ownership.
• Ekengard, A. (2008). The African Union Mission In SUDAN (AMIS). Swedish Defence Research Agency.
• Elbadawi, I. A., & Sambanis, N. (2001). How Much War Will We See? The World Bank.
• Elhag, A. (2012). The Sudanese Role In Libya 2011 – Reinventing Peace. Retrieved from https://sites.tufts.edu/reinventingpeace/2012/12/17/the-sudanese-role-in-libya-2011/.
• Fearon, J. D., & Laitin, D. D. (2009). In J. M. Box-Steffensmeier, H. E. Brady, & D. Collier (Eds.), Integrating Qualitative and Quantitative Methods. Oxford University Press. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199286546.003.0033.
• Flint, J. (2009). Beyond Janjaweed. Small Arms Survey.
• Flint, J. (2010). The Other War: Inter-Arab Conflict In Darfur. Small Arms Survey.
• Gramizzi, C., & Tubiana, J. (2012). Forgotten Darfur: Old Tactics And New Players. Files. Ethz. Ch. Retrieved from https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/147786/HSBA-SWP-28-Forgotten-Darfur.pdf.
• Guha-Sapir, D., & Olivier, D. (2005). Darfur: Counting The Deaths. CRED.
• Hagan, J., & Rymond-Richmond, W. (2008). The Collective Dynamics Of Racial Dehumanization And Genocidal Victimization In Darfur. American Sociological Review, 73(6), 875–902. DOI: 10.1177/000312240807300601.
• Heavens, A. (2010). Sudan Signs Ceasefire With Darfur JEM Rebels. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sudan-darfur/sudan-signs-ceasefire-with-darfur-jem-rebels-idUSTRE61J2DJ20100220.
• Human Rights Watch. (2004). Darfur Destroyed: Ethnic Cleansing by Government and Militia Forces in Western Sudan. Retrieved from https://www.refworld.org/docid/412ef69d4.html.
• Ibrahim, I. M. (2013). The Traditional Mechanisms Of Conflict Resolution & Peace Building In Darfur; From An Anthropological Perspective. Mediterranean Journal Of Social Sciences, 4(9), 132–140. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n9p132.
• Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Sudan: Treatment of the Masalit ethnic group in Darfur by government authorities and armed militias, including incidents of violence (2002–2013). (2015). Retrieved from https://www.refworld.org/docid/54f043de4.html.
• International Crisis Group. (2005). The Khartoum-SPLM Agreement: Sudan’s Uncertain Peace. Retrieved from https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/10985/096_khartoum_SPLM_agreement.pdf.
• Kahn, C. (n.d.). Conflict, Arms, And Militarization: The Dynamics Of Darfur’s IDP Camps. Retrieved from http://www.smallarmssurveysudan.org/fileadmin/docs/working-papers/HSBA-WP-15-Conflict-Arms-Militarization.pdf.
• Kok, L. (n.d.). Tribal Conflicts Cause Political, Social And Economic Loss – Sudan Tribune. Plural News And Views On Sudan. Retrieved from https://sudantribune.com/Tribal-conflicts-cause-political,38291.
• Mahé, A. (2016). Thriving On Chaos: The War In Darfur And The Transformation Of The Authoritarian Coalition. Égypte/Monde Arabe, 9(14), 137–154. DOI: 10.4000/ema.359.
• Marchal, R. (2008). The Roots Of The Darfur Conflict And The Chadian Civil War. Public Culture, 20(3), 429–436. DOI: 10.1215/08992363-2008-002.
• Mehmood, K., Rahim, N., & Khan, S. A. (2018). Darfur Conflict Beyond Ethnic Division: A Politico-Economic Perspective. Global Political Review, 3(2), 75–83. DOI: 10.31703/gpr.2018(iii-ii).08.
• Mohamed Salih, M. A. (n.d.). Understanding the Conflict in Darfur. Centre of African Studies, University of Copenhagen. Retrieved from https://www.peacepalacelibrary.nl/ebooks/files/salih.pdf.
• Mohammed, A. (2004). The Rezaigat Camel Nomads Of The Darfur Region Of Western Sudan: From Co-Operation To Confrontation. Nomadic Peoples, 8(2), 230–240. DOI: 10.3167/082279404780446087.
• Mutua, M. (2004). Racism At Root Of Sudan’s Darfur Crisis. Retrieved from https://www.csmonitor.com/2004/0714/p09s02-coop.html.
• Pamuk, O. (2004). The Black Book: imbalance of power and wealth in Sudan. Grand Street, 51, 152. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/25007826?origin=crossref.
• Radio Dabanga. (2020). Sudan peace talks: 7 protocols signed in Juba. Retrieved from https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudan-peace-talks-7-protocols-signed-in-juba.
• Reeves, E. (2004, November 11). Agreement In Abuja (Nigeria): An Inadequate Answer To Darfur’s Crisis; Reiterating Cease-Fire Commitments Will Not Halt Genocide. Sudan Research, Analysis, And Advocacy. Retrieved from https://sudanreeves.org/2004/12/15/agreement-in-abuja-nigeria-an-inadequate-answer-to-darfurs-crisis-reiterating-cease-fire-commitments-will-not-halt-genocide-november-11-2004/.
• Rice, S., Graff, C., & Lewis, J. (2006). Poverty And Civil War: What Policymakers Need To Know. SSRN Electronic Journal, 2, 9–12. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1015091.
• Robinson, J. (2005). Desertification And Disarray: The Threats To Plant Genetic Resources Of Southern Darfur, Western Sudan. Plant Genetic Resources, 3(1), 3–11. DOI: 10.1079/pgr200451.
• Salih, K. (2005). The Roots and Causes of the 2011 Arab Uprisings. Arab Studies Quarterly, 35(2), 184–206. DOI: 10.13169/arabstudquar.35.2.0184.
• Seisi, M., & Eltigani, A. (2007). The Root Causes Of Conflicts In Sudan And The Making Of The Darfur Tragedy, Conflict Prevention And Development Co-Operation In Africa: A Policy Workshop. NEPAD & Regional Integration Division United Nations Economic Commission for Africa.
• Shepherd, G., Arsdale, P. V., Sobhani, N., Tanner, N., & Agyeman‐Duah, F. (2009). Darfur: In Search Of Peace Exploring Viable Solutions To The Darfur Crisis. Retrieved from https://www.du.edu/korbel/hrhw/workingpapers/2009/50-ATADarfur-2009.pdf.
• Sikainga, A. (2009). The World’s Worst Humanitarian Crisis: Understanding The Darfur Conflict | Origins: Current Events In Historical Perspective. Retrieved from https://origins.osu.edu/article/worlds-worst-humanitarian-crisis-understanding-darfur-conflict.
• Spittaels, S., & Hilgert, F. (2008). Mapping Conflict Motives. IPIS.
• Stewart, F. (2000). Income Distribution And Development. Queen Elizabeth House.
• Sturcke, J. (2007, March 12). Sudan Government Orchestrated Darfur Crimes. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/mar/12/sudan.jamessturcke.
• Sturdivant, J. (2012). Is There A Connection Between Climate Change and Conflict In Darfur. Uppsala University. Retrieved from https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:527614/FULLTEXT01.pdf.
• Suleiman, M. (2015). Seventh Anniversary of the Operation Long Arm by JEM. Retrieved from https://thussudan.wordpress.com/2015/05/10/seventh-anniversaryof-the-operation-long-arm-by-jem/.
• The Ministry of Finance and National Economy, Directorate- General, National Accounts. (2003). United Nations Population Fund.
• Tubiana, J., Tanner, V., & Musa, A. J. (2012). Traditional Authorities’ Peace-making Role In Darfur. United States Institute of Peace. Retrieved from https://www.usip.org/publications/2012/11/traditional-authorities-peacemaking-role-darfur.
• UNHCR and Country Of Origin Research And Information. (2012, March). CORI Thematic Report Darfur. Retrieved from https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1275661/416209_en.pdf.
• Unruh, J. D., & Abdul-Jalil, M. A. (2014). Constituencies Of Conflict And Opportunity: Land Rights, Narratives And Collective Action In Darfur. Political Geography, 42, 104–116. DOI: 10.1016/j.polgeo.2014.07.005.
• Wadi, E. T. (2000). Ethnic Conflict In Sudan: The Case Of The Darfur Region. Journal of Cultural Studies, 2(1). DOI: 10.4314/jcs.v2i1.6240.
• Young, H., & Osman, A. M. (2006). Challenges to Peace and Recovery in Darfur: A Situation Analysis of the Ongoing Conflict and its Continuing Impact on Livelihoods. Retrieved from https://www.cmi.no/file/1891-Challengesto-Peace-and-Recovery.pdf.

Identifiers

DOI

10.15804/ajepss.2022.1.05

Biblioteka Nauki

2205027