The European Union Strategy for Partnership in the Indo-Pacific Region

• Authors: Mukesh Shankar Bharti

Title variants

PL

Strategia Unii Europejskiej na rzecz partnerstwa w regionie Indo-Pacyfiku

Abstracts

PL

Celem artykułu jest zbadanie polityki geoekonomicznej Unii Europejskiej (UE) dotyczącej współpracy w regionie Indo-Pacyfiku. W ostatnim czasie Indo-Pacyfik zaczął przyciągać uwagę światowych potęg gospodarczych, w związku z czym UE uruchomiła w tym regionie politykę współpracy. W niniejszym artykule przeanalizowano kompleksową strategię UE dotyczącą rozszerzenia jej obecności na Oceanie Indyjskim i Morzu Południowochińskim. UE dąży do zawarcia partnerstw gospodarczych i w zakresie bezpieczeństwa między krajami Indo-Pacyfiku. Spośród państw członkowskich UE bardzo entuzjastycznie nastawiony do współpracy strategicznej w regionie Indo-Pacyfiku jest rząd francuski. Polityka Unii Europejskiej funkcjonuje w tych obszarach zarówno jako instrument soft power, jak i hard power. W badaniu podkreślono, że działanie UE pociąga za sobą budowę struktury sieci strategicznych w celu zintensyfikowania zdolności w zakresie projekcji siły. Unia wykorzystuje podejścia ugruntowane w soft i hard power, aby osiągnąć cele transatlantyckie. Dla osiągnięcia celów badania i poznania jego wyników korzystne okazuje się zastosowanie w studium przypadku metody porównawczej. Reasumując, UE musi ustanowić znacznie ściślejsze stosunki między krajami Pacyfiku, aby przeciwstawić się chińskiej agresji i ekspansji w dyplomacji morskiej.

EN

The aim of the paper is to study the European Union’s geoeconomics policy for cooperation in the Indo-Pacific region. In recent times, the Indo-Pacific has been gaining attention of the global economic powers. On this issue, the EU has launched a cooperation policy in the IndoPacific. This study examines the EU’s comprehensive strategy for the expansion of its presence in the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea. The EU wants economic and security partnerships among the Indo-Pacific countries. Among the EU member states, the French government is much enthusiastic about strategic cooperation in the Indo-Pacific. The European Union’s policy has been operating in the regions as an instrument of soft and hard power. The research highlighted that the EU implies the construction of structural strategic networks to intensify the high capacities in the projection of power. The EU uses the key approaches of hard and soft power to achieve transatlantic goals. The comparative case study method is useful to know the objectives and results of the research. In conclusion, the EU needs to establish a much stronger relationship among the pacific countries to counter the Chinese aggression and expansion in maritime diplomacy.

Keywords

EN

European Union; Indo-Pacific; strategic partnership; maritime politics; geoeconomics

PL

Unia Europejska; Indo-Pacyfik; partnerstwo strategiczne; polityka morska; geoekonomia

• Publisher: Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
• Journal: Athenaeum. Polskie Studia Politologiczne
• Year: 2023
• Volume: 80
• Pages: 191-210

Dates

published

2023

Contributors

author

Mukesh Shankar Bharti

• Jawaharlal Nehru University

• https://orcid.org/0000000236937247

References

• Beeson, M., & Lee-Brown, T. (2021). Regionalism for Realists? The Evolution of the Indo-Pacific. Chinese Political Science Review, 6(2), 167–186. DOI: 10.1007/S41111-020-00163-0.
• Bharti, M.S. (2022). The Evolution of China’s Economic Engagement in Central and Eastern Europe. Economic and Regional Studies, 15(1), 90–106. DOI: 10.2478/ERS-2022-0007.
• Bharti, S.S. (2020). Strengthening the Development Partnership between the EU and South Asia: A Contemporary Analysis. Slovak Journal of Political Sciences, 20(2), 278–298. DOI: 10.34135/sjps.200205.
• Bharti, S.S. (2021). The European Union’s Security Concerns and EU-South Asia Cooperation. Journal of the Radom Academy of Economics, 6, 11–27.
• Bharti, S.S. (2022). Confronting Afghanistan’s Security and Development Challenges: A Contribution of the European Union.Geopolitics Quarterly, 18(4), 151–176. DOI: 20.1001.1.17354331.1401.18.68.7.9.
• Bharti, S.S., & Bharti, S.S. (2021). India’s Vaccine Diplomacy: Role in New Order and Challenges. Torun International Studies, 1, 93–104. DOI: 10.12775/TIS.2021.007.
• Bhatia, R. (2022, April 7). The ‘third way’ to the Indo-Pacific: inclusive approaches to power dynamics in Asia. Heinrich Böll Stiftung. Retrieved from https://in.boell.org/en/2022/04/07/third-way-indo-pacific.
• Christiansen, T. (2020). The EU’s New Normal: Consolidating European Integration in an Era of Populism and Geo-Economics. Journal of Common Market Studies, 58(1), 13–27. DOI: 10.1111/jcms.13106.
• Consulate General of France in Bangalore. (2022, March 10). Ministerial Forum for Cooperation in the Indo-Pacific. The French Embassy in India. Retrieved from: https://in.ambafrance.org/Ministerial-Forum-for-Cooperation-in-the-IndoPacific-Paris-22-February-2022-18873.
• Csernatoni, R., & Pacheco Pardo, R. (2022, December). The Digital Decade: The EU, Partnerships and Governance in the Indo-Pacific. Brussels School of Governance. Retrieved from: https://brussels-school.be/publications/other-publications/digitaldecade-eu-partnerships-and-governance-indo-pacific.
• Cunningham, G. (2022, January 14). The EU’s Strategy for Cooperation in the IndoPacific. Sasakawa Peace Foundation. Retrieved from: https://spfusa.org/publications/the-eus-strategy-for-cooperation-in-the-indo-pacific/.
• Dekker, B., Nachiappan, K., & Okano-Heijmans, M. (2021, April). Fostering Digital Connectivity in and with the Indo-Pacific. Scoping Paper for the European External Action Service (European Commission). Retrieved from: https://www.clingendael.org/sites/default/files/2021-04/Report_Digital_Connectivity_IndoPacific_April_2021.pdf.
• Diesen, G. (2021). Europe as the Western Peninsula of Greater Eurasia. Journal of Eurasian Studies, 12(1), 19–27. DOI: 10.1177/1879366521998240.
• Doxey, M.P. (1972). International Sanctions: A Framework for Analysis with Special Reference to the UN and Southern Africa. International Organization, 26(3), 527–551. DOI: 10.1017/S002081830000299X.
• Duchâtel, M., & Mohan, G. (2020, October 30). Franco-German Divergences in the Indo-Pacific: The Risk of Strategic Dilution. Institut Montaigne. Retrieved from: https://www.institutmontaigne.org/en/blog/franco-German-divergences-indopacific-risk-strategic-dilution.
• EEAS. (2021, June 3). The EU Approach to the Indo-Pacific. European Union. Retrieved from: https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/eu-approach-indo-pacific_en.
• Eurostat. (n.d.). Retrieved from: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics.
• Galtung, J. (1967). On the Effects of International Economic Sanctions: With Examples from the Case of Rhodesia. World Politics, 19(3), 378–416. DOI: 10.2307/2009785.
• Gillespie, P. (2021). Europe and the Indo-Pacific Concept. In: R. Mishra, A. Hashim, & A. Milner (Eds.).Asia and Europe in the 21st Century (pp. 156–174). London: Taylor and Francis. DOI: 10.4324/9781003148067-13/.
• Grare, F. (2020, October 16).Germany’s New Approach to the Indo-Pacific. Internationale Politik Quarterly. Retrieved from: https://ip-quarterly.com/en/Germanys-newapproach-indo-pacific.
• Grare, F. (2022, June 7). Ambitions and Access: The New Economic Framework for the Indo-Pacific. European Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved from: https://ecfr.eu/article/ambitions-and-access-the-new-economic-framework-for-the-indopacific/.
• Grare, F., & Reuter, M. (2021, September 13). Moving Closer: European Views of the Indo-Pacific. European Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved from: https://ecfr.eu/special/moving-closer-european-views-of-the-indo-pacific/.
• Håkansson, C. (2022, January 31). A Geopolitical Europe and Its Relations with Asia: Assessing the European Union’s Indo-Pacific Strategy from the Lens of European Strategic Autonomy. Digitala Vetenskapliga Arkivet. Retrieved from: https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1640903&dswid=1518.
• Hutt, D. (2021, September 17). EU’s New Indo-Pacific Strategy: What Are the Objectives and Challenges? DW. Retrieved from: https://www.dw.com/en/eus-new-indopacific-strategy-what-are-the-objectives-and-challenges/a-59210529.
• Iuppa, G. (2020, November). An “Indo-Pacific” Outlook for the European Union. European Institute for Asian Studies. Retrieved from: https://www.eias.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/An-IPO-for-the-EU-briefing-paper.pdf.
• Iyer, A. (2022, March 30). Importance of the Indo-Pacific: A European Union Perspective. European Student Think Tank. Retrieved from: https://esthinktank.com/2022/03/30/importance-of-the-indo-pacific-a-european-union-perspective/.
• Kang, S. (2020). Geoeconomics of the Indo-Pacific: Competing Economic Architectures and South Korea. In: J.P. Panda (Ed.).The Korean Peninsula and Indo-Pacific Power Politics: Status Security at Stake (pp. 225–241). London: Routledge.
• Knorr, K.E. (1977). International Economic Leverage and Its Uses. In: K.E. Knorr, & F.N. Trager (Eds.). Economic Issues and National Security (pp. 99–126). Lawrence: Regents Press of Kansas.
• Le Gloannec, A.M. (2011). The European Union as a Regional Power. In: N. Godehardt & D. Nabers (Eds.). Regional Powers and Regional Orders (pp. 95–113). London: Routledge.
• Losman, D.L. (1979). International Economic Sanctions: The Cases of Cuba, Israel and Rhodesia. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
• Luttwak, E.N. (1990). From Geopolitics to Geo-Economics: Logic of Conflict, Grammar of Commerce. The National Interest, 20, 17–23.
• Mearsheimer, J.J. (2001). The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. New York: Norton.
• Meijer, H. (2021). Pulled East: The Rise of China, Europe and French Security Policy in the Asia-Pacific.Journal of Strategic Studies. DOI: 10.1080/01402390.2021.1935251.
• Mohan, G. (2019, December). A European Approach to the Indo-Pacific? Global Public Policy Institute. Retrieved from: https://www.gppi.net/media/Mohan_2019_A_European_Approach_To_The_Indo_Pacific_final.pdf.
• Mohan, G. (2020). A European Strategy for the Indo-Pacific. Washington Quarterly, 43(4), 171–185. DOI: 10.1080/0163660X.2020.1850447.
• Morcos, P. (2021, April 19). The European Union Is Shaping Its Strategy for the IndoPacific. Centre for Strategic & International Studies. Retrieved from: https://www.csis.org/analysis/european-union-shaping-its-strategy-indo-pacific.
• Neves, A., Becker, W., & Dominguez-Torreiro, M. (2019, May 14). Explained, the Economic Ties between Europe and Asia. World Economic Forum. Retrieved from: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/05/ways-asia-and-europe-togetherconnected/.
• Okano-Heijmans, M. (2020). The EU’s Value Proposition for Connectivity: Time to Choose and Focus. In: Christian Echle et al. (Eds.). Responding to the Geopolitics of Connectivity: Asian and European Perspectives (pp. 11–21). Singapore: Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung. Retrieved from: https://www.kas.de/documents/288143/10822438/Panorama_2019_02_4c_v5d_MaaikeOkanoHeijmans.pdf/8c516c52-fb41-fe28-258b-402dae859a99?t=1606102326398.
• Pejsova, E. (2019, December).The EU as a Maritime Security Provider. European Union Institute for Security Studies. Retrieved from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/resrep21121.pdf.
• Perot, E. (2021, September 28).The Aukus Agreement, What Repercussions for the European Union? The Robert Schuman Foundation. Retrieved from: https://server.www.robert-schuman.eu/storage/en/doc/questions-d-europe/qe-608-en.pdf.
• Porter, R.C. (1978). Economic Sanctions: The Theory and the Evidence from Rhodesia. Journal of Peace Science, 3(2), 93–110. DOI: 10.1177/073889427800300201.
• Rajagopalan, R.P. (2022, February 25). Why Is the Indo-Pacific Important for Europe? The Diplomat. Retrieved from: https://thediplomat.com/2022/02/why-is-the-indopacific-important-for-europe/.
• Szabo, S.F. (2015). Germany, Russia, and the Rise of Geo-Economics. London–New York–New Delhi–Oxford–Sydney: Bloomsbury Publishing.
• Tamura, J. (2022, June 8). Can the EU Save the CPTPP? The Diplomat. Retrieved from: https://thediplomat.com/2022/06/can-the-eu-save-the-cptpp/.
• The White House. (2022, February).Indo-Pacific Strategy of the United States. Retrieved from: https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/U.S.-Indo-PacificStrategy.pdf.
• Ulatowski, R. (2022). Germany in the Indo-Pacific Region: Strengthening the Liberal Order and Regional Security. International Affairs, 98(2), 383–402. DOI: 10.1093/IA/IIAC008.
• Valero, J., & Follain, J. (2021, December 1). EU’s ‘Global Gateway’ Infrastructure Push Offers Counter to China’s ‘Belt and Road’. Bloomberg. Retrieved from: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-11-30/eu-eyes-300-billion-euro-infrastructurepush-to-challenge-china.
• Wacker, G. (2021, May).The Indo-Pacific Concepts of France, Germany and the Netherlands in Comparison: Implications and Challenges for the EU. European University Institute. DOI: 10.2870/859952.
• Walters, R. (2022, April 25). Europe’s Uncertain Indo-Pacific Strategy. Retrieved from: https://www.gisreportsonline.com/r/europe-asia/.
• Wigell, M. (2016). Conceptualizing Regional Powers’ Geoeconomic Strategies: NeoImperialism, Neo-Mercantilism, Hegemony, and Liberal Institutionalism. Asia Europe Journal, 14(2), 135–151. DOI: 10.1007/s10308-015-0442-x.
• Zajączkowski, J. (2021). The United States in India’s Strategy in the Indo-Pacific Region since 2014. Polish Political Science Yearbook, 50(4), 107–130. DOI: 10.15804/ppsy202158.
• Zarate, J. (2012). Playing a New Geoeconomic Game. In: C. Cohen, & J. Gabel (Eds.). 2012 Global Forecast: Risk, Opportunity and the Next Administration (pp. 69–71). Washington, D.C.: Center for Strategic and International Studies. Retrieved from: http://csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/legacy_files/files/publication/120417_gf_zarate.pdf.
• Zhe, Z. (2013). The Exploration of Political Motivation of Economic Conflict between the Great Powers – A Comparative Analysis Based on Trade Friction of America and Japan, and Sino-American. Review of Political Economy, 1, 142–160.
• Zhu, C. (2015). Strategic Competition and Multilateral Relations in Indo-Pacific Region. In: R. Wang & C. Zhu (Eds.). Annual Report on the Development of International Relations in the Indian Ocean Region (2014) (pp. 43–67). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-45940-9_3.

Identifiers

DOI

10.15804/athena.2023.80.11

Biblioteka Nauki

25806053