Społeczno-polityczne uwarunkowania integracji mieszkańców wielokulturowej Łotwy w jednoczącej się Europie

• Authors: Katarzyna Jurzysta , Maria Marta Urlińska

Abstracts

EN

Economic and political changes in Europe, particularly in the last decade have led to an increase in the cultural diversity of its citizens. Latvia, which received a troubling legacy from the former Soviet Union – a diverse ethnic mix, also found itself EU. In 1989, after nearly fifty years of Soviet domination it regained its independence and stood on the way of reform and transition from a totalitarian to an independent style of governance. Among the many problems that appeared in front of this small country in 2004, there were also those that are lively debated in contemporary Europe. Some of them are laws for immigrants and minority rights. Analysis of past and present situation in Latvia seem to be particularly important to the events which have recently been seen in Ukraine which is an another country of the past Soviet Union – and after 1990 also the Russian – sphere of influence. Article deals with the integration process, with Latvian law regulating issues of citizenship, minority rights and the status of the state language as conforming to international standards. It also deals with the education of national minorities in Latvia. Bilingual education proposed to the minorities has goal to integrate the Latvian society as a whole, to build a multicultural state based on unity. Bilingual education also enables the acquisition of language skills allowing the free movement on the labor market. This ensures both the protection of ethnic and religious identity by providing the understanding of the language and culture of the country of residence. Problems of this young state are still waiting for a solution by the future government in Latvia. This small Baltic country, for ten years, is integrating multinational community of its own country into the tissue of Western Europe to which it was a stranger till the year 2004.

Keywords

EN

ethnicity; minority rights; citizenship; European integration; multicultural education and intercultural bilingual education

• Publisher: Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
• Journal: Kultura i Edukacja
• Year: 2014
• Issue: 4(104)
• Pages: 188-210

Dates

published

2014

Contributors

author

Katarzyna Jurzysta

• Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu

author

Maria Marta Urlińska

• Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu

References

• A review on family and preschool situation in Latvia, Rezeknes Rajona Padome, http://www.ecose.org/gr8parents_files/ReviewontheFamilyandKindergartens_LV.doc.
• Analysis of The Implementation of Bilingual Education, Riga 2002, The Baltic Institute of Social Science, http://pdc.ceu.hu/archive/00001556/01/bilingv_en.pdf.
• Annual Report 1997, Latvia, http://www.ihf-hr.org/ar97lat.htm.
• Borowicz R., Polacy na Łotwie – miejsce w społecznej makrostrukturze [w:] Edukacja a tożsamość etniczna. Materiały z konferencji naukowej w Rabce, M.M. Urlińska (red.), Toruń 1995.
• Brands K.I., Landes X., Multicultural Education in Latvia, 2007, Latvian Centre for Human Rights, http://curis.ku.dk/ws/files/36045773/education_report_final_last.pdf.
• Children in Latvia, Collection of Statistical Data, Riga 2014, Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia, http://www.csb.gov.lv/sites/default/files/nr_12_berni_latvija_2014_14_00_lv_en.pdf.
• Country Reports, Latvia, The EFA 2000 Assessment, http://www.unesco.org/education/wef/countryreports/latvia/rapport_1.html.
• Demography 2012, Collection of statistical Data, Riga 2013, Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia, http://www.csb.gov.lv/sites/default/files/publikacijas/Nr%2012%20Demografija%202012%20%2813_00%29%20LV_EN.pdf.
• Development of Education. National Report of Latvia, 29 March 2001, Ministry of Education and Science of The Republic of Latvia.
• Drawing the Line. Parental informal payments for education across Eurasia, Open Society Institute, New York 2010, http://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/drawing-line-20100308.pdf.
• ECRI Report on Latvia, Council of Europe 2012, http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/ecri/country-by-country/latvia/LVA-CbC-IV-2012-003-ENG.pdf.
• Education Law 1998.
• EFHR na międzynarodowej konferencji w Łotwie, http://www.efhr.eu/2012/12/18/efhr-na-miedzynarodwej-konferencji-w-lotwie.
• Estonia and Latvia: Citizenship, Language and Conflict Prevention, Special Report for Forced Projects Migration, http://www.soros.org/fmp2/html/baltics.htm.
• European Intercultural Workplace (EIW). Project partnership, http://immi.se/eiw/texts/EIW_Sector_Specific_Booklet_on_Education_PL.pdft.
• Europejska Sieć Kształcenia Interkulturowego w Edukacji Dorosłych, NILE, Strategie Rozwojowe w Głównym Nurcie Kształcenia Interkulturowego. Podsumowanie wyników pracy NILE od 2002–2005, www.intercultural-learning.net.
• Funding and Governance of Education for children with Special Needs in Latvia. Focus on Equity, Efficiency and Effectiveness, Latvia 2012, Centre for Education Initiatives, http://wp.iic.lv.panel.ltk.lv/wp-content/upload/2013/04/publikacijas_latvia_report_ jan21_2012.pdf.
• Grabane S., Bilinguale education in Latvia: current trends and future developments, „The Annual of Language & Politics of Identity” 2012, Vol. VI, http://alppi.vedeckecasopisy.cz.publicFiles/00187.pdf.
• Guidelines on National Identity, Civil Society and Integration Policy 2012–2018, Riga 2011, Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Latvia, www.vvc.gov.lv.
• Income and living conditions in Latvia, Collection of statistical data, Riga 2014, Central Statistical bureau of Latvia, http://www.csb.gov.lv/sites/default/files/nr_14_ienakumi_un_dzives_apstakli_latvija_2013_14_00_lv_en.pdf.
• Ivlevs A., King R.M., From Immigrants to (non-) citizens: Political Economy of naturalizations in Latvia, http://carecon.org.uk/DPs/1018.pdf.
• Jurgen I., Mikainis Z., Kevis I., The Potential for bilingual education to help integrate minority communities within Latvian multicultural society [w:] Creating Communities: Local, National and Global. Selected papers from the fourteenth Conference of the Children’s Identity and Citiezenship in Europe, P. Cunningham, N. Fretwell (red.), London 2012, Academic Network, CiCe, http://londonmet.ac.uk/fms/MRSite/Research/cice/pubs/2012/2012_145.pdf.
• Kluczowe dane o edukacji w Europie 2012, Warszawa 2012, Eurydice, www.eurydice.org.pl/sites/eurydice.org.pl/filkes/KD_2012_PL.pdf.
• Latvia: Organisation for Programmes for all Pre-Primary Education, https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/fpfis/mwikis/eurydice/index.php/Latvia:Organisational_of_Programmes_for_all_Pre-Primary_Education.
• Latvia: Situation and treatment of Russian minority; state protection and support services, Latvia 2012, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=countryy&category=CO1&publisher=&type=&coi=LVA&rid=&docid=507556122&skip=0.
• Law on Professional Education 1999.
• Minority Education in Latvia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Latvia, http://www.mfa.gov.lv/en/policy/4641/4642/4643/.
• Minority issue in Latvia, No. 54, Prepared by the Latvian Human Rights Commitee, Minelres, http://lists.delfi.lv/pipermail/minelres/2002-Augusta/002262.html.
• Monitoring The UE Accession Process: Minority protection, Minority Protection in Latvia, http://www.eumap.org/reports/content/10/428/html/400.
• Multiculturalism: Kanada i Australia, http://www.cafebabel.com/pl/article.asp?T&Id=6209.
• National Programme „Integration of Society in Latvia”, National Programme for Latvian Language Training, Integration Processes in Latvia, Latvian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, http://www.am.gov.lv.
• On the road to a cultural policy for Europe; Final Report Europe as a Cultural Project 2002–2004, European Cultural Foundation, http://static.squarespace.com/static/526e-5978e4b0b83086a1fede/t/531db6afe4b0345bebdc2448/1394456239555/On%20the%20Road.pdf.
• Organy ochrony prawnej w krajach Unii Europejskiej. Opracowania Tematyczne OT-598, Warszawa 2011, Biuro Analiz i Dokumentacji, Zespół Analiz i Opracowań Tematycznych, Kancelaria Senatu, http://www.senat.gov.pl/gfx/senat/pl/senatopracowania/18/plik/ot-598.pdf.
• OSCE Human Dimension Implementation Meeting, Working session 12 and 13, October 2012, http://www.osce.org/odihr/94888.
• Pearson-Evans A. (red.), Europejskie Kulturowe Miejsce Pracy, Edukacja, Badanie porównawcze praktyk związanych z miejscami pracy w sektorze edukacji w dziesięciu krajach europejskich, 2007.
• Porina V., Valsts valoda daudzvalodigaja sabierdriba: individualais un socialais bilingvisms Latvija, Riga [w:] Guidelines on National Identity, Civil Society and Integration Policy 2012–2018, Riga 2011, www.vvc.gov.lv.
• Report on the Linguistic Rights of persons belonging to national minorities in the OSCE area, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe High Commissioner on National Minorities, http://www.osce.org/hcnm/42060?download=true.
• Rosyjskojęzyczni na Łotwie i w Estonii, „Prace OSW”, Warszawa 2004, Ośrodek Studiów Wschodnich, http://www.osw.waw.pl/sites/default/files/PRACE_14.pdf.
• Russita T., Bilingual lessons in schools of Latvian Republic de facto and de jure, „Acta Historia Universitatis Klaipedensis XX” 2010, Studia Anthropologica IV, briai.ku.lt/downloads/… …20/20_099-111-Russita.pdf.
• Rzepliński A., Kmak M., Oponowicz K., Sytuacja polityczna, rządy prawa i przestrzeganie praw człowieka w krajach transformacji w latach 2003–2004, http://www.Raport2004_pol_II.pdf.
• Status of ratification of major international and regional instruments relevant to minority and indigenous rights, 1 February 2012, http://www.minorityrights.org/download.php?id=1163.
• Stoe van der M.L., Reply to V. Birkavs, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Latvia, Hague, 14 March 1999, OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities.
• Subject: Questionnaire on norm and standards for quality of education by special rapporteur on the right to education, Riga 2012, Ministry of Education and Science RŁ, http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Educations/Questionnaireeducation/Latvia.pdf.
• The Latvian Language, www.latinst.lv.
• Vebers E., Multiethnic Latvia, Fact Sheet on Latvia, November 2001, No. 7, http://www.latinst.lv.
• World Data on Education, VII Ed. 2010/11, IBE/2011/CP/WDE/LV, http://www.ibe.unesco.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Publications/WDE/2010/pdf_versions/Latvia.pdf.

Identifiers

DOI

10.15804/kie.2014.04.13

Biblioteka Nauki

2050816