Chinese Soft Power

• Authors: Robert Edmund Łoś

Abstracts

EN

China’s modern power is based on traditional sources: territory size, demographics, economy, and army. An important factor of power is soft power, which is based on culture, foreign policy (including economics), and values. Chinese soft power resources have an old tradition and the possibility of using them is large, and most importantly, in the current international environment, they can use them to gain and maintain an advantage over competitors. The article presents the elements of China’s soft power that determine its advantage over other countries and the weaknesses that may limit its influence. It largely determines the research methods used: statistics and system analysis. The latter method makes it possible to determine the scale of China’s influence and the chances of using them in the 21st century.

Keywords

EN

soft power resources; culture; values; foreign policy

• Publisher: Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
• Journal: Polish Political Science Yearbook
• Year: 2023
• Issue: 4(52)
• Pages: 135-149

Dates

published

2023

Contributors

author

Robert Edmund Łoś

• University of Łódź (Poland)

• https://orcid.org/0000000202112415

References

• Brady, A-M. (2008). Marketing Dictatorship. Propaganda and Thought Work in Contemporary China. Rowman & Littlefield.
• Brautigam, D. (2009). The Dragon’s Gift: The Real Story of China in Africa. Oxford University Press.
• Brunet, A., & Guichard, J.-P. (2011). Chiny światowym hegemonem. Imperializm Państwa Środka. Studio Emka.
• Carminat, D., & Carminati, D. (2022). The economics of soft power: Reliance on economic resources and instrumentality in economic gains. Economic and Political Studies, 10(1), 19–43. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/20954816.2020.1865620?journalCode=reps20
• Chey, J. (2008). Chinese Soft Power. Cultural Diplomacy and the Confucius Institutes. The Sydney Papers, 11.
• d’Hooghe, I. (2005). Public Diplomacy in the People’s Republic of China. In J. Melissen (Ed.), The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations (pp. 88–105). Palgrave Macmillan.
• d’Hooghe, I. (2007). The Rise of China’s Public Diplomacy. Clingendael Papers, 12.
• d’Hooghe, I. (2011). The concept of Public Diplomacy and Soft Power in China. In J. Wang (Ed)., Soft Power in China. Public Diplomacy through Communication (pp. 6–24). New York University Press.
• David, S. (2003). China Engages Asia: Reshaping the Regional Order. International Security, 29(3).
• Duarte, P. A. B., & Ferreira-Pereira, L. C. (2022). The Soft Power of China and the European Union in the context of the Belt and Road Initiative and Global Strategy. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 30(4). https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14782804.2021.1916740
• Fairbank, J. K. (1968). The Early Treaty System in the Chinese World Order. In J. K. Fairbank (Ed.), The Chinese World Order (pp. 250–268). Harvard University Press.
• Falk, H. (2007). Wie Konfuzius Europa erobert. Kulturaustausch. Zeitschrift fur Internationale Persppektiven, 3.
• Gallin, B., & Hsing, H. (1966). Taiwan: A Chinese Village in Change. University of California Press.
• Gao, G. (2017). Why Is China So … Uncool? https://foreignpolicy.com/2017/03/08/why-is-china-so-uncoolsoft-power-beijing-censorship-generation-gap
• Gawlikowski, K. (2003). Religijność chińska: Uwagi o inne cywilizacji. Azja-Pacyfik, 6.
• Grzywna, A. (2010). Dragon In partnership Clothing. About European – Asian Cooperation – Example of China and Spain, Asia- Europe, 126.
• Hays, P. G. (2005). China’s New Nationalism: Pride, Politics and Diplomacy. University of California Press.
• Jacques, M. (2009). When China Rules the World: The Rise of the Middle Kingdom and the End of the Western World. London University Press.
• Kang D. C. (2003). Getting Asia Wrong. The Need for New Analytical Framework. International Security, 27(4).
• Kim, S. (1991). Mainland China and a New World Order. Issues and Studies, 4.
• Kuenstler, M. J. (2005). Konfucjanizm jako podstawa moralności w Chinach. In J. Danecki, & A. Flis (Eds.), Wartość wschodu i wartość Zachodu: spotkania cywilizacyjne (pp. 138–156). Wydawnictwo UJ.
• Kurlantzick, J. (2011). Charm Offensive, How China’s Soft Power is Transforming the World. Yale University Press.
• Layne, Ch. (2001). The Unbearable Lightness of Soft Power. In I. Parmar, & M. Cox (Eds.), Soft Power and US Foreign Policy (pp. 50–70). Routledge.
• Leonard, M. (2008). What Does China Think. Fourth Estate.
• Liu, X. (2005). Chińscy ambasadorzy. Wydawnictwo Polski Instytut Spraw Międzynarodowych.
• Liu, H. (2008). Die Chinesisch – afrikanischen Bezihungen aus dem Blickwinkkel der Kultur – Die Dynamik der chinesischen Kulturdiplomatie In Afrika. China Aktuell, 3.
• Łoś, R. (2013). Konflikty w Sudanie. Wydawnictwo naukowe PWN.
• Łoś, R. (2017). Soft power we współczesnych stosunkach międzynarodowych. Wydawnictwo UŁ.
• Marszałek-Kawa, J. (2011). China’s Foreign Policy. Ambitions and Opportunities. Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek.
• Marszałek-Kawa, J., & Rezmer, K. (Eds.) (2019). Peculiarities of China’s Politics and Culture. Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek.
• Martin, J. (2009). When China Rules the World; The Rise of the Middle Kingdom and the End of the Western World. Penguin Books.
• Medeiros, E., Fravel, S., & Taylor, M. (2003). China’s New Diplomacy. Foreign Affairs, 6.
• Melissen, J. (2005). The New Public Diplomacy: Between Theory and Practice. In J. Mellisen (Ed.), The New Public Diplomacy. Soft Power in International Relations (pp. 4–26). Palgrave Macmillan.
• Miao, J. T. (2021). Understanding the soft power of China’s Belt and Road Initiative through a discourse analysis in Europe. Regional Studies, Regional Science, 8(1).
• Nye, J. Jr. (1991). Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power. New York University Press.
• Nye, J. Jr. (2001). The Future of Power. Public Affairs.
• Picquart, P. (2006). Imperium chińskie. Historia i teraźniejszość chińskiej diaspory. Wydawnictwo Dialog.
• Pietrasiak, M. (2014). Partnerstwo strategiczne. Metody i środki polityki zagranicznej Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej wobec Rosji. In M. Pietrasiak, D. Mierzejewski, & K. Żakowski (Eds.), Narzędzia polityki zagranicznej Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej (pp. 48–68). Wydawnictwo UŁ.
• Ramo, C. J. (2004). The Bejing Consensus. London The Foreign Policy Centre.
• Rawnsley, G. D. (2009). China Talks Back: Public Diplomacy and Soft Power for the Chinese Century. In N. Snow, & P. M. Taylor (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy (pp. 282–291). Routledge.
• Rice, C. (2000). Campaign 2000 – Promoting the National Interest. Foreign Affairs, 1.
• Saunders, P. (2006). China’s Global Activism: strategy, Drivers and Tools. Washington D.C. National Defense University Press.
• Shambaugh, D. (2007). China’s propaganda System: Institutions, processes and Efficacy. The China Journal, 57.
• Shirk, S. (2007). China; fragile superpower. Oxford University Press.
• Sinha, P. (2010). China’s Soft Power in South Asia. S. Rajaratnam School of International Studeis SSIS Working Paper, 1.
• Suisheng, Z. (2011). The Prospect of China’s soft Power: How sustainable. In Li Mingjing (Ed.), Soft Power China’s Emerging Strategy in International Politics (pp. 240–260). Lexington Books.
• Sujian, G., & Hua, S. (2007). New Dimensions of Chinese Foreign Policy UK. Lexington Books.
• Sun Tzu (2010). Sztuka wojny. Wydawnictwo Onepress.
• Voon, J. P., & Xu, X. (2020). Impact of the Belt and Road Initiative on China’s soft power: preliminary evidence. Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting & Economics, 27(1). https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/16081625.2020.1686841
• Wang, H. (n.d.). China’s Image Projection and Its Impact. In Soft Power in China.
• Wang, H., Lu, Y. (2008). The Conception of Soft Power and Its Policy Implications: A Comparative Study of China and Taiwan. Journal of Contemporary China, 56.
• Wang, J. (2011). Soft Power in China. Public Diplomacy through Communication. Palgrave Macmillan.
• Weihong, Z. (2010). China’s cultural future: from soft power to comprehensive national power. International Journal of Cultural Policy, 4.
• www.hanban.org
• www.nobelprice.org
• Zhongying, P. (2011). China’s Soft Power Dilemma: The Beijing Consensus Revisited. In Li Mingjiang (Ed.), China’s Emerging Strategy in International Politics (pp. 130–148). Lexington Books.
• Ziętek, A. W. (2010). Soft Power Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej. Soft Power z chińską specyfiką. Stosunki Międzynarodowe, 5.

Identifiers

DOI

10.15804/ppsy202305

Biblioteka Nauki

31342722