Bottom-up peace-building: Local engagement in resolving conflicts

• Authors: Zuzanna Samson

Title variants

PL

Lokalna ludność a pokój i rozwiązywanie konfliktów

Abstracts

PL

Artykuł bada, w jaki sposób zaangażowanie ludności lokalnej może przysłużyć się powstrzymywaniu lub rozwiązywaniu aktualnie trwających konfliktów. Autorka rozpatruje metody, dzięki którym mieszkańcy skutecznie tworzą spójne i pokojowo współżyjące społeczeństwo, analizując porównawczo trzy przykłady – Somalilandu, wyspy Idjwi w wschodnim Kongo oraz wiejskich społeczności w Kolumbii. Badania nad lokalnym zaangażowaniem mogą uzupełnić aktualne strategie budowania i utrzymywania pokoju wprowadzane przez organizacje międzynarodowe, które bardzo często pomijają ten aspekt, a w efekcie nie zapewniają długotrwałego pokoju.

EN

The article discusses how local engagement can contribute to preventing or ceasing ongoing conflicts. By the comparative analysis of three case studies – Somaliland, the Idjwi island in eastern Congo and Colombia, the author examines what methods do the local inhabitants use in order to successfully maintain peace and build a coherent society. The research on a bottom-up approach may supplement the strategies implemented by the international organisations of peace-building or peace-keeping missions, which usually neglect the engagement of local society and thus do not ensure sustainable peace.

Keywords

EN

local engagement; Somaliland; Democratic Republic of Congo; Colombia; war; peace-building

PL

ludność lokalna; Somaliland; Demokratyczna Republika Konga; Kolumbia; wojna; budowanie pokoju

• Publisher: Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
• Journal: Świat Idei i Polityki
• Year: 2018
• Issue: 17
• Pages: 25-54

Dates

published

2018

Contributors

author

Zuzanna Samson

• Uniwersytet w Leiden

• https://orcid.org/0000000328433425

References

• Afyare E., Barise A., The Somali Conflict: Root Causes, Obstacles, and Peacebuilding Strategies, “African Security Review” 2012, vol. 15/1.
• Ahmed I., Green R.H., The heritage of war and state collapse in Somalia and Somaliland: Local-level effects, external interventions and reconstruction, “Third World Quarterly” 1999, vol. 20/1.
• Alther G., Colombian peace communities: the role of NGOs in supporting resistance to violence and oppression, “Development in Practice” 2006, 16:3–4.
• Autesserre S., Here’s what Congo can teach the world about peace, “The Washington Post” Oct 19, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/10/19/heres-what-this-island-in-congo-can-teach-the-world-aboutpeace/?utm_term=.7001416e66ca, 31.10.2018.
• Autesserre S., There’s another way to build peace. And it doesn’t come from the top down, “The Washington Post” Oct 23, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2018/10/23/theres-another-way-to-build-peace-andit-doesnt-come-from-the-top-down/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.2883502ce36b, 31.10.2018.
• Autesserre S., The Crisis of Peacekeeping: Why the UN Can’t End Wars, “Foreign Affairs” January/February 2019, vol. 98/1.
• Barwani M., Somaliland and Somalia peace-building process: actors, interventions and experiments, “International Journal of Development Research” 2017, vol. 7/8.
• Byrne M., The failed state and failed state-building: How can a move away from the failed state discourse inform development in Somalia?, “Birkbeck Law Review” 2013, vol. 1/1.
• Central Intelligence Agency Somalia, World Factbook, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/theworld-factbook/geos/so.html, 31.10.2018.
• Chenoweth E., Cunningham K.G., Understanding nonviolent resistance: An Introduction, “Journal of Peace Research” 2013, vol. 50/3.
• Clements K.P. et al., State Building Reconsidered: the Role of Hybridity in the Formation of Political Order, “Political Science” 2007, vol. 59/1.
• Constitution of the Republic of Somaliland, Somaliland Government, 2000, http://www.somalilandlaw.com/Somaliland_Constitution_Text_only_Eng_IJSLL.pdf, 31.10.2018.
• Dini S., Women building peace: Somali Women in Puntland and Somaliland, “Conflict Trends” 2009, vol. 2.
• Doornbos M., Somalia: Alternative scenarios for political reconstruction, “African Affairs” 2002, vol. 101/402.
• DRC in one of world’s ‘worst humanitarian crises’: UN, “Expatica” Jun 11, 2010, https://www.expatica.com/ch/drcongo-in-one-of-worlds-worst-humanitariancrises-un/, 31.10.2018.
• Elmi N., What Somaliland can teach the rest of Africa about peace and stability, World Economic Forum, 2016, https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/03/whatsomaliland-can-teach-africa-about-peace-and-stability/, 31.10.2018.
• Farah I., Hussein A., Lind J., Deegaan, Politics and War in Somalia, [in:] Scarcity and surfeit: the ecology of Africa’s confl icts, eds. J. Lind, K. Sturman, Pretoria 2002.
• ICG, Moving Beyond Easy Wins: Colombia’s Borders’, “Latin America Report” 2011, vol. 40.
• Idler A. et al., Peace Territories in Colombia: Comparing Civil Resistance In Two War-Torn Communities, “Journal of Peacebuilding and Development” 2015, vol. 10/3.
• International Alert, Ending the deadlock: Towards a new vision of peace in eastern DRC, 2012.
• Hashim A.B., The Fallen State: dissonance, dictatorship and death in Somalia, Lanham 1997.
• Hoehene M.V., Ibrahim M.H., Rebuilding Somaliland through economic and educational engagement, [in:] Diasporas, development and peacemaking in the Horn of Africa, eds. L. Laasko, P. Hautaniemi, London 2014.
• Hoehne M.V., Limits of hybrid political orders: the case of Somaliland, “Journals of Eastern African Studies” 2013, vol. 7/2.
• Jacobsen A., Looking for Peace on a Forgotten Island in DRC, “Fair Observer” Nov 15 2016, https://www.fairobserver.com/region/africa/democratic-republicof-congo-refugees-rwanda-conflict-news-78321/, 31.10.2018.
• Jenkins S.D., Preliminary Assessment of Traff icking in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), ICC Forum 2012, https://iccforum.com/media/sdj_human_rights_project/201203_SDJ_Human_Rights_Project_at_UCLA_Report-Trafficking_in_the_DRC.pdf, 31.10.2018.
• Jhazbay I., Somaliland: Africa’s best kept secret, a challenge to the international community?, “African Security Review” 2003, vol. 12/4.
• Kavangh M., The Roots of Ethnic Confl ict in Eastern DRC, Pulitzer Center 2009, https://pulitzercenter.org/projects/africa/roots-ethnic-conflict-eastern-drc, 31.10.2018.
• Kennes E., The Democratic Republic of the Congo: Structures of Greed, Networks of Need, in Rethinking the Economics of War, C.J. Arnson, W.I. Zartman, Washington, D.C. 2005.
• Lederach J.P., Construyendo la Paz: ReconciliacioęnSostenibleenSociedadesDivid idas, Bilbao 1998.
• Leonard D.K., Samantar M.S., What does the Somali experience teach us about the social contract and the state?, “Development and Change” 2011, vol. 42/2.
• Lewis I.M., Blood and bone: the call of kinship in Somali society, (4 ed.) Lawrenceville, New Jersey 1994.
• List R. et al., Civil Society, Conflict and Violence, London 2012.
• McGreal C., Fear of fresh confl ict in Congo as renegade general turns guns on government forces, “The Guardian” Sep 3, 2007, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/sep/03/congo.rwanda, 31.10.2018.
• McGreal C., The roots of war in eastern Congo, “The Guardian” May 16, 2008, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/may/16/congo, 31.10.2018.
• Menkhaus K., Governance without government in Somalia: Spoilers, state building and the politics of coping, “International Security” 2006, vol. 31/1.
• MONUSCO at glance, MONUSCO, UN Missions 2019, https://monusco.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/factsheet_monusc_february_2019-_english.pdf, 31.01.2019.
• Nakagawa Y., A Societal Model of Peacebuilding and Its Challenges in Somaliland from 1991 to 2005, “Deliberative peacebuilding” 2017.
• Njeri S., Somaliland; the viability of a liberal peacebuilding critique beyond state building, state formation and hybridity, “Peacebuilding” 2018.
• Omar R., Peace building and democracy – Lessons of Somalia and Somaliland, “Whitehall Papers” 2004, vol. 61/1.
• Osman D., Lack of Recognition: A Blessing in Disguise?, [in:] Social Research and Development Institute (eds.), Somaliland Statehood, Recognition and the Ongoing Dialogue with Somalia, Hargeisa 2012.
• Pham J.P., The Somaliland exception: Lessons on post-conflict state building from the part of the former Somalia that works, “Marine Corps University Journal” 2010, vol. 3/1.
• Posner R., A theory of primitive society, with special reference to law, “Journal of Law and Economics” 1980, vol. 23.
• Prunier G., Africa’s World War: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe: Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making of a Continental Catastrophe, Oxford 2009.
• Sawe B.E., Ethnic Groups in The Democratic Republic of The Congo, Worldatlas 2018, https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/ethnic-groups-in-the-democraticrepublic-of-the-congo-congo-kinshasa.html, 31.10.2018.
• Spagat M. et al., Estimating War Deaths: An Arena of Contestation, “Journal of Conflict Resolution” 2009, vol. 53.
• UNSOM, Somalia conflict: exacting a terrible toll on civilians, Al-Shabaab responsible for most civilian casualties, 2017, https://unsom.unmissions.org/somalia-conflict-exacting-terrible-toll-civilians-al-shabaab-responsible-mostcivilian-casualties-%E2%80%93, 31.10.2018.
• Upsall K.C., State Building in Somalia in the Image of Somaliland: A Bottom- Up Approach, Inquiries 2014, vol. 6/3, www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/880/state-building-in-somalia-in-the-image-of-somaliland-a-bottom-up-approach, 31.10.2018.
• Rayner G., Is your mobile phone helping fund war in Congo?, “The Telegraph” 27 Sep, 2011, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/democraticrepublicofcongo/8792068/Is-your-mobile-phonehelping-fund-war-in-Congo.html, 31.10.2018.
• Rdc P., Idjwi, an incubator for local development in South Kivu, DRC, “Medium” Jun 13, 2017, https://medium.com/@pnudrdc/idjwi-an-incubator-for-localdevelopment-in-south-kivu-drc-59c8d43319b9, 31.10.2018.
• Rutzen D., Authoritarianism Goes Global (II): Civil Society Under Assault, “Journal of Democracy” 2015, vol. 26/4.
• Rochester J.M., The New Warfare: Rethinking Rules for an Unruly World, New York 2016.
• Rojas C., Islands in the Stream: A Comparative Analysis of Zones of Peace Within Colombia’s Civil War, [in:] Zones of Peace, eds. L.E. Hancock, C.R. Mitchell, Bloomfield 2007.
• Rwanda: Genocide Anniversary, “Africa Research Bulletin: Political, Social and Cultural Science” 2014, vol. 51/4.
• Schwoebel M.H., Hybrid sources of legitimacy, [in:] Local Peacebuilding and Legitimacy: Interactions Between National and Local Levels, eds.L.E. Hancoc, C. Mitchell, New York 2018.
• Zartman W.I., Cowardly Lions: Missed Opportunities to Prevent Deadly Conflict and State Collapse, London 2005.

Identifiers

DOI

10.15804/siip201802

Biblioteka Nauki

2194442