Etnografia jako zaniedbana metoda w lingwistyce indukcyjnej

• Authors: Gary B. Palmer
• Languages of publication: EN

Abstracts

EN

Finding a productive scientific perspective on the relation between grammar and culture can be difficult, as is shown by the decades old debate on the so called “Sapir-Whorf hypothesis”. It is proposed that linguistic research should make more systematic use of ethnography as a source of meanings entrenched in grammar. The cases presented illustrate how grammatical constructions are defined by cultural schemas, scenarios, and models; how non-linguistic (colinguistic) data resolve old problems in grammatical analysis. A potentially controversial claim is put forward that data on an archaic way of life provide clues to the nature of proto grammar. The cases examined include (1) a study of the global relations between language and culture implied by code-switching, (2) a fine-grained analysis of a semantic network that defines a compound affix, (3) the use of native language definitions to define a cultural model of sequences of thinking, feeling, and acting, (4) the use of previously published ethnographies to discover correspondences of cultural models to classes in classifier systems, and (5) the culture of a species of archaic human known to us only through archaeology and paleontology and the possible influences of this culture on the structure of proto grammar.

PL

Autor wychodzi od stwierdzenia, że wypracowanie skutecznego podejścia do badania relacji między gramatyką a kulturą może być trudne, o czym świadczą dziesięciolecia dyskusji nad tzw. „hipotezą Sapira–Whorfa”. Stawia tezę, iż badania językoznawcze powinny w sposób bardziej metodyczny korzystać z etnografii jako źródła znaczeń zawartych w gramatyce.Przedstawia przykłady tego, jak konstrukcje gramatyczne kształtowane są przez kulturowe schematy, scenariusze i modele; pokazuje, w jaki sposób uwzględnienie danych pozajęzykowych (przyjęzykowych) rozwiązuje stare problemy analizy gramatycznej; proponuje być może kontrowersyjny pogląd, iż dane dotyczące sposobu życia u przodków homo sapiens dostarczają wskazówek co do natury protogramatyki. Omawiane przypadki obejmują: (1) relacje między językiem i kulturą w sytuacjach code-switching; (2) szczegółową analizę sieci semantycznej wiązanej ze złożonym formantem; (3) definiowanie modelu kulturowego obejmującego sekwencje myślenia, czucia i działania; (4) wykorzystanie wcześniej publikowanych opisów etnograficznych do odkrywania odpowiedniości między modelami kulturowymi a kategoriami w systemie klasyfikatorów nominalnych; (5) kulturę jednego z prehistorycznych gatunków człowieka znana nam wyłącznie z odkryć archeologicznych i paleontologicznych oraz jej możliwy wpływ na protogramatykę języka.

Keywords

EN

grammar; scenarios; ethnography; cultural linguistics; linguistic frames; Tagalog; ChiShona

PL

gramatyka; scenariusze; etnografia; lingwistyka kulturowa; ramy językowe, język tagalog, język shona

• Publisher: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
• Journal: Etnolingwistyka. Problemy Języka i Kultury
• Year: 2015
• Volume: 27

Dates

published

2015

online

2015-09-07

Contributors

author

Gary B. Palmer

References

• Bartmiński Jerzy, 2009, Aspects of Cognitive Ethnolinguistics, edited by Jörg Zinken, London/Oakville, CT: Equinox.
• Basso Keith H., 1984, Stalking with stories: Names, places and moral narratives among the Western Apache, [in:] Edward M. Bruner (ed.), Text, Play and Story, 19–55, Washington, DC: American Ethnological Society.
• Basso Keith H., 1990, Western Apache Language and Culture: Essays in Linguistic Anthropology, Tucson: University of Arizona.
• Bybee Joan L., 1985, Morphology: A Study of the Relation between Meaning and Form, Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
• Casagrande Joseph B., Hale Kenneth L., 1967, Semantic relations in Papago folk definitions, [in:] Dell E. Hymes and William E. Bittle (eds.), Studies in Southwestern Ethnolinguistics, 165–196, The Hague: Mouton.
• D’Andrade Roy, 1987, A folk model of the mind, [in:] Dorothy Holland and Naomi Quinn (eds.), Cultural Models in Language and Thought, 112–148, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• D’Andrade Roy, 1995, The Development of Cognitive Anthropology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Dixon R. M. W., 1982, Where Have All the Adjectives Gone?, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
• Duranti Alessandro, 1994, From Grammar to Politics: Linguistic Anthropology in a Western Samoan Village, Berkeley: University of California Press.
• Fillmore Charles, 1975, An alternative to checklist theories of meaning, [in:] Cathy Cogen, Henry Thompson, Graham Thurgood, Kenneth Whistler and James Wright, Proceedings of the First Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, 123–131, Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistics Society.
• Głaz Adam, Danaher David S., Łozowski Przemysław (eds.), 2013, The Linguistic Worldview: Ethnolinguistics, Cognition, and Culture, London: Versita. [Open access: www.degruyter.com/view/product/246955].
• Hill Jane H., 2005, Finding culture in narrative, [in:] Naomi Quinn (ed.), Finding Culture in Talk: A Collection of Methods, 157–202, New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
• Kövecses Zoltán, 2005, Metaphor in Culture: Universality and Variation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Lakoff George, Johnson Mark, 1980, Metaphors We Live By, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• Lakoff George, 1987, Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things. What Categories Reveal about the Mind, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• Langacker Ronald W., 1991, Concept, Image, and Symbol, Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
• Langacker Ronald W., 2000, Grammar and Conceptualization, Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
• Langacker Ronald W., 2014, Culture and cognition, lexicon and grammar, [in:] Masataka Yamaguchi, Dennis Tay and Ben Blount (eds.), Approaches to Language, Culture, and Cognition. The Intersection of Cognitive Linguistics and Linguistic Anthropology, 27–49, New York and Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave MacMillan.
• Leakey Louis S. B., 1955, First Lessons in Kikuyu, Nairobi: The Eagle Press.
• Lucy John., 1992, Linguistic Diversity and Thought: A Reformulation of the Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Łozowski Przemysław, 2013, Language vis-à-vis culture in Jerzy Bartmiński’s cognitive ethnolinguistics, [in:] Adam Głaz, David S. Danaher, Przemysław Łozowski (eds.), The Linguistic Worldview: Ethnolinguistics, Cognition, and Culture, 351–370, London: Versita. [Open access: www.degruyter.com/view/product/246955].
• MacNeilage Peter F., Davis Barbara L., 2000, On the origin of internal structure of word forms, „Science” 288: 527–531.
• Meillet Antoine, 1923, Le Genre feminindans les langues Indo-Européennes, „Journal de psychologies: normale et pathologique” 20: 943–944. [Excerpted in Hymes, Dell (ed.), 1964, Language in Culture and Society: A Reader in Linguistics and Anthropology, p. 124, New York, Evanston, and London: Harper and Row, Publishers].
• Occhi Debra J., 1999, Sounds of the heart and mind: Mimetics of emotional states in Japanese, [in:] Gary B. Palmer and Debra J. Occhi (eds.), Languages of Sentiment: Cultural Constructions of Emotional Substrates, 151–170, Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
• Occhi Debra J., 2014, Sloppy selfhood: Metaphor, embodiment, animism, and anthropomorphisation in Japanese language and culture, [in:] Masataka Yamaguchi,
• Dennis Tay and Ben Blount (eds.), Approaches to Language, Culture, and Cognition. The Intersection of Cognitive Linguistics and Linguistic Anthropology, 124–144, New York and Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave MacMillan.
• Palmer Gary B., 1996, Toward a Theory of Cultural Linguistics, Austin: University of Texas Press.
• Palmer Gary B., 2002, What’s wrong with Dreaming Filipinos? Grammar and subversion of cultural imperialism in a Tagalog film, [in:] Corazon D. Villareal, Lily Rose R. Tope, Patricia May B. Jurilla (eds.), Ruptures and Departures: Language and Culture in Southeast Asia, 187–211, Diliman, Quezon City: Department of English and Comparative Literature, University of the Philippines.
• Palmer Gary B., 2003a, Talking about thinking in Tagalog, [in:] Gary B. Palmer, Cliff Goddard, Penny Lee (eds.), Talking about Thinking Across Languages, Special issue of „Cognitive Linguistics” 14 (2/3): 251–280.
• Palmer Gary B., 2003b, The Tagalog prefix category PAG-: Metonymy, polysemy, and voice, [in:] Gene Casad and Gary B. Palmer (eds.), Cognitive Linguistics and Non-Indo-European Languages, 193–222, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
• Palmer Gary B., 2006, When does cognitive linguistics become cultural? Case studies in Tagalog voice and Shona noun classifiers, [in:] June Luchjenbroers (ed.), Cognitive Linguistic Investigations across Languages, Fields, and Philosophical Boundaries, 13–45, Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
• Palmer Gary B., 2007, Cognitive linguistics and anthropological linguistics, [in:] Dirk Geeraerts and Hubert Cuyckens (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics, 1045–1073, New York: Oxford University Press.
• Palmer Gary B., 2014, Emotional, evaluative, and ideological subjectification in Tagalog and Shona, „International Journal of Language and Culture” 1(1): 5–20.
• Palmer Gary B., Goddard Cliff, Lee Penny (eds.), Talking about Thinking Across Languages, Special issue of „Cognitive Linguistics” 14 (2/3).
• Palmer Gary B., Arin Dorothea Neal, 1999, The domain of ancestral spirits in Bantu noun classification, [in:] Masako Hiraga, Chris Sinha, Sherman Wilcox (eds.), Cultural, Typological and Psycholinguistic Issues: Selected Papers of the Biannual ICLA Meeting in Alburquerque, July 1995, 25–45, Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
• Palmer Gary B., Thompson Jennifer, Parkin Jeffrey, Harmon Elizabeth, 2014, The ceremonial origins of language, [in:] Masataka Yamaguchi, Dennis Tay, Ben Blount (eds.), Approaches to Language, Culture, and Cognition. The Intersection of Cognitive Linguistics and Linguistic Anthropology, 145–177, New York and Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave MacMillan.
• Palmer Gary B., Rader Russell, Clarito Art, 2004, The metonymic basis of a ‘semantic partial’: Tagalog lexical constructions with ka-, [in:] Klaus-Uwe Panther, Linda L. Thornburg, Antonio Barcelona (eds.), Metonymy and Metaphor in Grammar, 111–144, Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
• Palmer Gary B.,Woodman Claudia, 1999, Ontological classifiers as polycentric categories, as seen in Shona Class 3 nouns, [in:] Martin Pütz, Marjolijn Verspoor (eds.), Explorations in Linguistic Relativity, 225–249, Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
• Panther Klaus-Uwe, Thornburg Linda L., 2001, A conceptual analysis of English –er nominals, [in:] Martin Pütz, Susanne Niemeier, René Dirven (eds.), Applied Cognitive Linguistics II: Language Pedagogy, 151–201, Berlin–New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
• Quinn Naomi, 1985, “Commitment” in American marriage: A cultural analysis, [in:] Janet W. Dougherty (ed.), Directions in Cognitive Anthropology, 291–320, Champaign: University of Illinois Press.
• Rice Sally, 2003, Growth of a lexical network: Nine English prepositions in acquisition, [in:] Hubert Cuyckens, René Dirven, John R. Taylor (eds.), Cognitive Approaches to Lexical Semantics, 243–280, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
• Sandra Dominiek, Rice Sally, 1995, Network analyses of prepositional meaning: Mirroring whose mind – the linguist’s or the language user’s?, „Cognitive Linguistics” 6: 89–130.
• Schieffelin Edward L., 1976, The Sorrow of the Lonely and the Burning of the Dancers, New York: St. Martins Press.
• Shore Bradd, 1996, Culture in Mind: Cognition, Culture, and the Problem of Meaning, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Spradley James R., 1970, You Owe Yourself a Drunk: An Ethnography of Urban Nomads, Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press, Inc.
• Tuggy David, 2003, Reduplication in Nahuatl: Iconicities and paradoxes, [in:] Eugene H. Casa, Gary B. Palmer (eds.), Cognitive Linguistics and Non-Indo-European Languages, 91–133, Berlin–New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
• Wierzbicka Anna, 2014, Language and cultural scripts, [in:] Farzad Sharifian (ed.), The Routledge Handbook of Language and Culture, 339–356, London–New York: Routledge.
• Witherspoon Gary, 1977, Language and Art in the Navajo Discourse, University of Michigan Press.
• Yu Ning, 2009, The Chinese Heart in a Cognitive Perspective: Culture, Body, and Language, Berlin–New York: Mouton de Gruyter.

Identifiers

DOI

10.17951/et.2015.27.21