Land Use and Facilities and the Spatial Distribution of Urban Property Crime

• Authors: Jan Bazyli Klakla , Ewa Radomska , Michalina Szafrańska

Title variants

PL

Formy i funkcje zagospodarowania przestrzeni miejskiej a przestrzenny rozkład przestępstw przeciwko mieniu

Abstracts

PL

Głównym problemem badawczym niniejszego artykułu jest sprawdzenie, czy i w jaki sposób wybrane formy i funkcje zagospodarowania przestrzeni miejskiej wpływają na rozmieszczenie kradzieży oraz kradzieży z włamaniem. W analizie wykorzystano dane dotyczące przestępstw zarejestrowanych w latach 2016–2018 w obrębie administracyjnych granic miasta Krakowa. Rezultaty przeprowadzonych badań są zasadniczo zgodne z wynikami podobnych analiz w zakresie, w jakim wskazują one na związek pomiędzy wzmożoną aktywnością przestępczą sprawców a dostępnością potencjalnych ofiar lub obiektów ataku. Większe zagęszczenie zarówno przestępstw ogółem, jak i kradzieży ogółem występowało przede wszystkim w tych obiektach lub bezpośredniej bliskości obiektów, które w różnych celach gromadzą duże zbiorowości (węzły aktywności) lub są miejscem licznych przepływów ludzkich (węzły komunikacji). Co jednak istotne, jedne tego typu funkcje zagospodarowania współwystępują ze zwiększonym zagęszczeniem wszystkich typów kradzieży, inne zaś jedynie niektórych z nich. Wyniki niniejszych badań nie pozostają natomiast w zgodzie z podstawowym założeniem teorii racjonalnego wyboru, wskazując na wysokie zagęszczenie przestępstw w bezpośrednim sąsiedztwie kamer monitoringu publicznego i prywatnego, jak również w odległości do 50 metrów od komisariatów policji.

EN

The main research problem of this article is to check whether and how selected land use and facilities influence the spatial distribution of different kinds of urban thefts (and burglary) in Krakow. The analysis uses data on all crimes committed in Krakow in the years 2016–2018. Its results are generally consistent with the results of other similar studies in so far as they indicate a relationship between the increased criminal activity of perpetrators and the availability of potential victims or objects of attack. Both the higher density of crimes in general and theft in general occurred above all in facilities or in the immediate vicinity of facilities which accumulate large communities for various purposes (activity nodes) or in places which produce the high intensity of people flows (communication nodes). One land use and facilities coexist with an increased density of all types of thefts, while others coexist only with some of them. The results, however, seem inconsistent with the rational choice theory assumptions as high crime density rates were observed in the immediate vicinity of public and private monitoring cameras, as well as within 50 meters of police stations.

Keywords

PL

mapy przestępczości; analiza przestrzenna przestępczości; statystyka przestrzenna; system informacji geograficznej (GIS); przestępczość przeciwko mieniu

EN

crime mapping; spatial analysis of crime; spatial statistics; geographic information systems (GIS); property crime

• Publisher: Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
• Journal: Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Iuridica
• Year: 2021
• Volume: 94
• Pages: 65-95

Dates

published

2021

Contributors

author

Jan Bazyli Klakla

• Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Poland, Faculty of Law and Administration, Department of Sociology of Law

• https://orcid.org/0000000311414527

author

Ewa Radomska

• Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Poland, Faculty of Law and Administration, Department of Sociology of Law

• https://orcid.org/0000000260838943

author

Michalina Szafrańska

• Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Poland, Faculty of Law and Administration, Department of Sociology of Law

• https://orcid.org/0000000193897352

References

• Alexandrie, Gustav. 2017. “Surveillance Cameras and Crime: A Review of Randomized and Natural Experiments.” Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention 18(2): 210–222.
• Bowers, Kate, Shane Johnson, Rob T. Guerette, Lucia Summers and Suzanne Poynton. 2011. “Spatial Displacement and Diffusion of Benefits among Geographically Focused Policing Initiatives: A Meta-Analytical Review.” Journal of Experimental Criminology 7(4): 347–374.
• Braga, Anthony A. and Ronald V. Clarke. 2014. “Explaining High-Risk Concentrations of Crime in the City: Social Disorganization, Crime Opportunities, and Important Next Steps.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 51(4): 480–498.
• Brantingham, Paul J. and Patricia L. Brantingham. 1981. “Notes on the Geometry of Crime.” In Environmental Criminology. 27–54. Edited by Paul J. Brantingham and Patricia L. Brantingham. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.
• Brantingham, Paul J. and Patricia L. Brantingham. 1995. “Criminality of Place: Crime Generators and Crime Attractors.” European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research 3: 5–26.
• Clarke, Ronald V. 1997. “Introduction.” In Situational Crime Prevention: Successful Case Studies. 1–45. Edited by Ronald V. Clarke. Guilderland: Harrow & Heston.
• Clarke, Ronald V. and Pat Mayhew. 1994. “Parking Patterns and Car Theft Risks: Policy-Relevant Findings from the British Crime Survey.” In Crime Prevention Studies, vol. 3. 91–108. Edited by Ronald V. Clarke. Monsey. NY: Criminal Justice Press.
• Cohen, Lawrence E. and Marcus K. Felson. 1979. “Social Change and Crime Rate Trends: A Routine Activity Approach.” American Sociological Review 44(4): 588–608.
• Cornish, Derek B. and Ronald V. Clarke. 1979. “Social Change and Crime Trends: A Routine Activity Approach.” American Sociological Review 44(4): 588–608.
• Cornish, Derek B. and Ronald V. Clarke. 1986. The Reasoning Criminal: Rational Choice Perspectives on Offending. New York: Springer-Verlag.
• DeMotto, Nicole and Caroline P. Davies. 2006. “GIS Analysis of the Relationship Between Criminal Offenses and Parks in Kansas City. Kansas.” Journal of Cartography and Geographic Information Science 33(2): 141–157.
• Feng, Jian, Ying Dong and Leilei Song. 2016. “A Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Urban Crime in Beijing: Based on Data for Property Crime.” Urban Studies 53(15): 3223–3245.
• Friendly, Michael. 2007. “André-Michel Guerry’s Moral Statistics of France: Challenges for Multivariable Spatial Analysis.” Statistical Science 22(3): 368–399.
• Groff, Elisabeth and Eric McCord. 2012. “The Role of Neighborhood Parks as Crime Generators.” Security Journal 25: 1–24.
• Hayward, Keith. 2007. “Situational Crime Prevention and Its Discontents: Rational Choice Theory Versus the ‘Culture of Now’.” Social Policy & Administration 41(3): 232–250.
• Higgins, Ethan M. and Kristin Swartz. 2018. “Edgeways as a Theoretical Extension: Connecting Crime Pattern Theory and New Urbanism.” Crime Prevention and Community Safety 20(1): 1–15.
• Hirschfield, Alex and Kate J. Bowers. 1997. “The Effect of Social Cohesion on Levels of Recorded Crime in Disadvantaged Areas.” Urban Studies 34(8), 1275–1295.
• Kennedy, Leslie W. and Joel M. Caplan. 2012. A Theory of Risky Places. Newark, NJ: Rutgers Center on Public Security. Accessed February 12, 2021. http://www.rutgerscps.org/uploads/2/7/3/7/27370595/risktheorybrief_web.pdf
• Kinney, J. Bryan, Patricia L. Brantingham, Kathryn Wuschke, Michael G. Kirk and Paul J. Brantingham. 2008. “Crime Attractors. Generators and Detractors: Land Use and Urban Crime Opportunities.” Built Environment 34(1): 62–74.
• Kuo, Frances E. and William C. Sullivan. 2001. “Environment and Crime in the Inner City – Does Vegetation Reduce Crime?” Environment and Behavior 33(4): 543–557.
• Kurland, Justin, Shane D. Johnson and Nick Tilley. 2014. “Offenses Around Stadiums: A Natural Experiment on Crime Attraction and Generation.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 51(1): 5–28.
• La Grange, Teresa C. 1999. “The Impact of Neighborhoods Schools and Malls on the Spatial Distribution of Property Damage.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 36(4): 393–422.
• Levy, Marissa P. and Christine Tartaro. 2010. “Auto Theft: A Site-Survey and Analysis of Environmental Crime Factors in Atlantic City, NJ.” Security Journal 23(2): 75–94.
• Lisowska-Kierepka, Agnieszka. 2019. “Przestępczość w przestrzeni – geograficzne badania zjawiska w wielkim mieście (przykład Wrocławia, Krakowa i Poznania)” [“Crime in Space – Geographical Studies of the Phenomenon in a Big City (Examples of Wrocław, Kraków and Poznań)”]. Rozprawy Naukowe Instytutu Geografii i Rozwoju Regionalnego Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, vol. 44. Wrocław: Uniwersytet Wrocławski.
• Loukaitou-Sideris, Anastasia, Robin Liggett and Hiroyuki Iseki. 2002. “The Geography of Transit Crime: Documentation and Evaluation of Crime Incidence on and Around the Green Line Stations in Los Angeles.” Journal of Planning Education and Research 22(2): 135–151.
• Lu, Yongmei. 2006. “Spatial Choice of Auto Thefts in an Urban Environment.” Security Journal 19(3): 143–166.
• McCord, Eric S. and Jerry H. Ratcliffe. 2009. “Intensity Value Analysis and the Criminogenic Effects of Land Use Features on Local Crime Problems.” Crime Patterns and Analysis 2(1): 17–30.
• Mordwa, Stanisław. 2016. “The Geography of Crime in Poland and Its Interrelationship with Other Fields of Study.” Geographia Polonica 89(2): 187–202.
• Morenoff, Jeffrey D., Robert J. Sampson and Stephen W. Raudenbush. 2001. “Neighborhood Inequality, Collective Efficacy, and the Spatial Dynamics of Urban Violence.” Criminology 39(3): 517–558.
• Piza, Eric, Shun Feng, Leslie Kennedy and Joel Caplan. 2017. “Place-Based Correlates of Motor Vehicle Theft and Recovery: Measuring Spatial Influence Across Neighbourhood Context.” Urban Studies 54(13): 2998–3021.
• Poister, Theodore H. 1996. “Transit-Related Crime in Suburban Areas.” Journal of Urban Affairs 18(1): 63–75.
• Potchak, Marissa C., Jean M. McGloin and Kristen M. Zgoba. 2002. “A Spatial Analysis of Criminal Effort: Auto Theft in Newark, New Jersey.” Criminal Justice Policy Review 13(3): 257–285.
• Quick, Matthew and Jane Law. 2019. “Time-Varying Relationships Between Land Use and Crime: A Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Small-Area Seasonal Property Crime Trends.” Urban Analytics and City Science 46(6): 1018–1035.
• Ratcliffe, Jerry H. and Travis A. Taniguchi. 2008. “Is Crime Higher Around Drug-Gang Street Corners? Two Spatial Approaches to the Relationship Between Gang Set Spaces and Local Crime Levels.” Crime Patterns and Analysis 1(1): 17–39.
• Ristea, Alina, Justin Kurland, Bernd Resch, Michael Leitner and Chad Langford. 2018. “Estimating the Spatial Distribution of Crime Events Around a Football Stadium from Georeferenced Tweets.” International Journal of Geo-Information 7(2): 1–25.
• Roncek, Dennis W., Ralph Bell and Jeffrey M.A. Francik. 1981. “Housing Projects and Crime: Testing a Proximity Hypothesis.” Social Problems 29(2): 151–166.
• Rosenfeld, Richard. 2001. “Social Capital and Homicide.” Social Forces 80(1): 283–309.
• Sarangi, Sudhanshu and Donna Youngs. 2006. “Spatial Patterns of Indian Serial Burglars with Relevance to Geographical Profiling.” Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling 3(2): 105–115.
• Shepley, Mardelle, Naomi Sachs, Hessam Sadatsafavi, Christine Fournier and Kati Peditto. 2019. “The Impact of Green Space on Violent Crime in Urban Environments: An Evidence Synthesis.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16(24): 1–19.
• Sherman, Lawrence W. and John E. Eck. 2002. “Policing for Prevention.” In Evidence-Based Crime Prevention, 295–329. Edited by Lawrence W. Sherman, David P. Farrington, Brandon C. Welsh and Doris Layton MacKenzie. New York: Routledge.
• Sherman, Lawrence W. and David Weisburd. 1995. “General Deterrent Effects of Police Patrol in Crime Hotspots: A Randomized Controlled Trial.” Justice Quarterly 12(4): 625–648.
• Skubak Tillyer, Marie and Rebecca J. Walter. 2019. “Busy Businesses and Busy Contexts: The Distribution and Sources of Crime at Commercial Properties.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 56(6): 816–850.
• Sypion-Dutkowska, Natalia. 2014. “Uwarunkowania przestrzenne przestępczości w wielkim mieście w ujęciu GIS (na przykładzie Szczecina)” [“Spatial Determinants of Crime in a Big City from GIS Approach (Based on the Example of Szczecin)”]. Studia Komitetu Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania Kraju PAN, vol. 159. Warszawa: Komitet Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania Kraju PAN.
• Sypion-Dutkowska, Natalia and Michael Leitner. 2017. “Land Use Influencing the Spatial Distribution of Urban Crime: A Case Study of Szczecin, Poland.” International Journal of Geo-Information 6(74): 1–23.
• Toomey, Traci L., Darin J. Erickson, Bradley P. Carlin, Harrison S. Quick, Eileen M. Harwood, Kathleen M. Lenk and Alexandra M. Ecklund. 2012. “Is the Density of Alcohol Establishments Related to Nonviolent Crime?” Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 73(1): 21–25.
• Wechsler, Henry, Jae Eun Lee, John Hall, Alexander C. Wagenaar and Hang Lee. 2002. “Secondhand Effects of Student Alcohol Use Reported by Neighbors of Colleges: The Role of Alcohol Outlets.” Social Science & Medicine 55(3): 425–435.
• Weisburd, David and John E. Eck. 2004. “What Can Police Do to Reduce Crime, Disorder and Fear?” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 593(1): 42–65.
• Weisburd, David, Cynthia M. Lum and Anthony Petrosino. 2001. “Does Research Design Affect Study Outcomes in Criminal Justice?” The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 578(1): 50–70.
• Welsh, Brandon C. and David P. Farrington. 2009. “Public Area CCTV and Crime Prevention: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Justice Quarterly 26(4): 716–745.
• Welsh, Brandon C., David P. Farrington and Sean J. O’Dell. 2010. “Effectiveness of Public Area Surveillance for Crime Prevention: Security Guards, Place Managers and Defensible Space. Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention.” Accessed February 12, 2021. http://mws-73973.mws3.csx.cam.ac.uk/people/academic_research/david_farrington/survsw.pdf
• Welsh, Brandon C., Meghan E. Peel, David P. Farrington, Henk Elffers and Anthony A. Braga. 2011. “Research Design Influence on Study Outcomes in Crime and Justice: A Partial Replication with Public Area Surveillance.” Journal of Experimental Criminology 7(2): 183–198.

Identifiers

DOI

10.18778/0208-6069.94.05

Biblioteka Nauki

1033325