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2022 | 29 | 1 | 49-67

Article title

The Geopolitical Context of Migrant Routes and Its Impact on Organised Crime in the Republic of North Macedonia

Content

Title variants

PL
Geopolityczne uwarunkowania przebiegu szlaków migracyjnych i ich wpływ na przestępczość zorganizowaną w Republice Macedonii Północnej

Languages of publication

Abstracts

PL
Ze względu na szczególną sytuację geopolityczną i geostrategiczną, położona w samym sercu Półwyspu Bałkańskiego Macedonia Północna jest celem nielegalnej migracji i znajduje się na skrzyżowaniu szlaków migracyjnych prowadzących z Azji i Afryki do Europy Środkowej i Zachodniej. Poniższy artykuł stara się zatem odpowiedzieć na dwa powiązane ze sobą pytania. Pierwsze pytanie dotyczy geopolitycznych uwarunkowań przebiegu szlaków migracyjnych i ich wpływu na nasilenie przemytu migrantów, natomiast drugie ogniskuje się wokół przemytu migrantów dokonywanego przez zorganizowane grupy przestępcze. W ujęciu czasowym, badanie objęło okres pandemii COVID-19. Podstawą metodologiczną niniejszego artykułu jest analiza dokumentów politycznych pochodzących z otwartych źródeł. Ponadto, autorzy przeprowadzili wywiady z ponad stoma macedońskimi funkcjonariuszami policji, którzy pracują bezpośrednio na granicy i są zaangażowani w zwalczanie przemytu migrantów, a także pogłębiony wywiad z naczelnikiem Krajowej Jednostki ds. Zwalczania Przemytu Migrantów i Handlu Ludźmi w Macedonii Północnej.
EN
As a country with a specific geopolitical and geostrategic position, North Macedonia, positioned in the centre of the Balkan Peninsula, is subject to illegal migration and is located at the crossroads of migrant routes leading from Asia and Africa to Central and Western Europe. Therefore, the article makes an effort to answer two related questions. The first question refers to the geopolitical context of migrant routes and their impact on the increase in migrant smuggling, while the second one is the focus of migrant smuggling within organised crime groups. In terms of time, the research covers the period of the COVID-19 pandemic. The methodology of this paper is based on an analysis of policy documents from open sources. Also, the authors surveyed more than one hundred Macedonian police officers who work directly on the borders and engage in the suppression of smuggling migrants, and an in-depth interview with the head of the National Unit for Combating Migrant Smuggling and Trafficking in North Macedonia.

Year

Volume

29

Issue

1

Pages

49-67

Physical description

Dates

published
2022

Contributors

author
  • Saints Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje, North Macedonia
  • Ministry of Interior, Organised and Serious Crime Department, North Macedonia

References

  • European Council. The EU–Turkey statement, March 18 2016. Web. 10.12.2020. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2016/03/18/eu-turkey-statement/
  • The European Union (EU) Serious and Organised Crime Threat Assessment (SOCTA), European Policy Office. 2017. Web. 12.12.2020. https://www.europol.europa.eu/activities-services/main-reports/european-union-serious-and-organised-crime-threat-assessment-2017
  • Hintjens, H., Bilgic, A. “The EU’s Proxy War on Refugees”. State Crime Journal, 8.1 (2019): 80–103. https://doi.org/10.13169/statecrime.8.1.0080
  • Hyndman, J. “The Geopolitics of Migration and Mobility”. Geopolitics, 17.2 (2012): 243–255. https://doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2011.569321
  • Mileski, T. “Response and Responsibilities of the Republic of Macedonia in the Migrant and Refugees Crises”. New England Journal of Public Policy, 30.2, Article 12 (2018).
  • Ministry of Interior of the Republic of Macedonia [MoI] Информација за состојбите со илегалната миграција (Information about the situation with illegal migration). Skopje: Ministry of Interior, 2016.
  • Pachemska, D. “The geopolitical context of migration routes and the impact of organised crime in the Western Balkans, with particular reference to the Republic of North Macedonia”. 2020. Web. 10.12.2020. https://repository.ukim.mk/handle/20.500.12188/8677
  • Parkes, R. “European Union and the Geopolitics of Migration”. UI Paper no. 1/2015. February 2015.
  • Sanchez, G., Achilli, L. Stranded: The impacts of COVID-19 on irregular migration and migrant smuggling. European University Institute, 2020.
  • Triandafyllidou, A., Maroukis, T. Migrant Smuggling. Irregular Migration from Asia and Africa to Europe. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230369917
  • Ullah, A.K.M. Ahsan, Nawaz, F., Chattoraj, D. “Locked up under lockdown: The COVID-19 pandemic and the migrant population”. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 3.1 (2021): 100–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2021.100126
  • Umek, D., Minca, C., Šantić, D. “The Refugee Camp as Geopolitics: The Case of Preševo (Serbia)”. In: Mediterranean Mobilities. Europe’s Changing Relationships. Ed. M. Paradiso. Springer, Cham, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89632-8_4
  • US Department of State. 2018. Trafficking in Persons Report. Web. 12.12.2020. https://www.state.gov/reports/2018-trafficking-in-persons-report/
  • Väyrynen, R. “Illegal immigration, human trafficking, and organised crime”. WIDER Discussion Paper, 72 (2003). https://www.econstor.eu/handle/10419/52839
  • William, A., Anderson, B., Van Hear, N., Sumption, M., Düvell, F., Hough, J., Rose, L., Humphris, R., Walker, S. “Who Counts in Crises? The New Geopolitics of International Migration and Refugee Governance”. Geopolitics, 23.1 (2018): 217–243. https://doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2017.1327740
  • Камбовски, В., Мирчев, Д., Мемеди, A., ed. Геополитичката и геостратегиската положба на Република Македонија во услови на мигрантската и бегалска криза. Скопје: Македонска академија на науките и уметностите, 2017 [Kambovski, V., Mirčev, D., Memedi, A., ed. Geopolitičkata i geostrategiskata položba na Republika Makedonija vo uslovi na migrantskata i begalska kriza. Skopje: Makedonska akademija na naukite i umetnostite, 2017].
  • Кривичен Законик [Criminal Code] 1996. Web. 12.12.2020. https://jorm.gov.mk/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82.pdf

Document Type

Publication order reference

Identifiers

Biblioteka Nauki
31341459

YADDA identifier

bwmeta1.element.ojs-doi-10_18778_1641-4233_29_04
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