Girls in Football, Boys in Dance. Stereotypization Processes in Socialization of Young Sportsmen and Sportswomen

• Authors: Honorata Jakubowska , Dominika Byczkowska-Owczarek
• Languages of publication: EN

Abstracts

EN

The article at hand presents and discusses the issue of gender stereotypization strategies during the socialization process of children practicing atypical gender sports, which is perceived as inappropriate to their gender. The outcomes of two qualitative studies among girls playing football and boys practicing ballroom dancing focus on various types of social influence of their families, coaches, and peers. The importance of parents’ role in reproducing or challenging stereotypical gender roles is outlined in the text. The strategies to which the children participating in atypical gender sports are subjected to include: stereotypization, destereotypization, apparent destereotyping, and hidden stereotyping. The benefits of participating in atypical gender sports are also discussed, particularly in terms of social and psychological profits.

Keywords

EN

Sociology of the Body; Stereotypization Processes; Socialization of Young Sportsmen and Sportswomen; Atypical Gender Sports

• Publisher: Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
• Journal: Qualitative Sociology Review
• Year: 2018
• Volume: 14
• Issue: 2
• Pages: 12-28

Dates

published

2018-08-28

Contributors

author

Honorata Jakubowska

• Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poland

author

Dominika Byczkowska-Owczarek

• University of Lodz, Poland

References

• Bem, Sandra L. 1974. “The Measurement of Psychological Androgyny.” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 42:155-162.
• Bertrand, Julien, Christine Mennesson, and Martine Court. 2014. “Des garçons qui n’entrent pas dans le jeu de la compétition sportive: les conditions familiales d’une atypie de genre.” Recherches Familiales 11:85-96.
• Bittner, Barbara. 2004. Nie tylko o tańcu. Warsaw: Prószyński i S-ka.
• Blumer, Herbert. 1969. Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
• Bourdieu, Pierre. 1977. Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Byczkowska, Dominika. 2009. “What Do We Study Studying Body? Researcher’s Attempts to Embodiment Research.” Qualitative Sociology Review V(III):100-112.
• Byczkowska, Dominika. 2012. Ciało w tańcu. Analiza socjologiczna. Lodz: Wydawnictwo UŁ.
• Chalabaev, Aïna et al. 2009. “Can Sex-Undifferentiated Teacher Expectations Mask an Influence of Sex Stereotypes? Alternative Forms of Sex Bias in Teacher Expectations.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 39:2469-2498.
• Chalabaev, Aïna et al. 2013. “The Influence of Sex Stereotypes and Gender Roles on Participation and Performance in Sport and Exercise: Review and Future Directions.” Psychology of Sport and Exercise 14(2):136-144.
• Charmaz, Kathy. 2006. Constructing Grounded Theory. A Practical Guide through Qualitative Analysis. London, New Delhi: Sage.
• Chimot, Caroline and Catherine Louveau. 2010. “Becoming a Man while Playing a Female Sport: The Construction of Masculine Identity in Boys Doing Rhythmic Gymnastics.” International Review for the Sociology of Sport 45(4):436-456.
• Clarke, Adele. 1990. “A Social Worlds Research Adventure. The Case of Reproductive Science.” Pp. 15-42 in Theories of Science in Society, edited by S. E. Cozzens and T. F. Gieryn. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
• Coakley, Jay. 1990. Sport in Society: Issues and Controversies. St. Louis: Times Mirror/Mosby College Publishing.
• Deaux, Kay and Laurie Lewis. 1984. “The Structure of Gender Stereotypes. Interrelationship among Components and Gender Label.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 46:991-1004.
• Dietz, Mary Lorenz. 1994. “On Your Toes: Dancing Your Way into the Ballet World.” Pp. 66-84 in Ethnography as Human Lived Experience, edited by M. L. Dietz, R. Prus, and W. Shaffir. Toronto: Copp Clark Longman Ltd.
• Dworkin, Shari L. and Michael A. Messner. 2002. “Just Do... What? Sport, Bodies, Gender.” Pp. 341-364 in Gender and Sport: A Reader, edited by S. Scraton and A. Flintoff. London: Routledge.
• Eagly, Alice H. 1987. Sex Differences in Social Behavior: A Social-Role Interpretation. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.
• Fraser, Nancy. 2003. “Social Justice in the Age of Identity Politics: Redistribution, Recognition, and Participation.” Pp. 7-109 in Redistribution or Recognition? A Political-Philosophical Exchange, edited by N. Fraser and A. Honneth. London, New York: Verso.
• Fraser, Nancy. 2005. “Reframing Justice in a Globalizing World.” New Left Review 36:69-88.
• Fredricks, Jennifer and Jacquelynne S. Eccles. 2005. “Family Socialization, Gender, and Sport Motivation and Involvement.” Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology 27:3-31.
• Goffman, Erving. 1974. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
• Hardin, Marie and Jennifer D. Greer. 2009. “The Influence of Gender-Role Socialization, Media Use and Sports Participation on Perceptions of Gender-Appropriate Sports.” Journal of Sport Behavior 32(2):207-227.
• Hargreaves, Jennifer. 1994. Sporting Females: Critical Issues in the History and Sociology of Women’s Sports. New York: Routledge.
• Hughes, Everett E. 1997. “Careers.” Qualitative Sociology 20(3):389-397.
• Jakubowska, Honorata. 2014. Gra ciałem. Praktyki i dyskursy różnicowania płci w sporcie. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
• Jakubowska, Honorata. 2016. “Zmęczenie i jego spektakle w sporcie.” Kultura Współczesna. Teorie, interpretacje, praktyka 3:109-121.
• Koivula, Nathalie. 1995. “Rating of Gender Appropriateness of Sports Participation: Effects of Gender-Based Schematic Processing.” Sex Roles 33:543-557.
• Koivula, Nathalie. 2001. “Perceived Characteristics of Sports Categorized as Gender-Neutral, Feminine and Masculine.” Journal of Sport Behavior 24(4):377-393.
• Konecki, Krzysztof T. 2000. Studia z metodologii badań jakościowych. Teoria ugruntowana. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
• Kremer-Sadlik, Tamar Jeemin, and Lydia Kim. 2007. “Lessons from Sports: Children’s Socialization to Values through Family Interaction during Sports Activities.” Discourse & Society 18(1):35-52.
• Lenskyj, Helen. 2003. Out on the Field. Gender, Sport and Sexualities. Toronto: Women’s Press.
• Łuszczyńska, Aleksandra. 2012. “Baba ma rodzić, a nie biegać! Interview with prof. Aleksandra Łuszczyńska. Gazeta Wyborcza, July 21-22, pp. 26-27.
• Mennesson, Christine. 2011. “Socialisation familiale et investissement des filles et des garçons dans les pratiques culturelles et sportives associatives.” Réseaux: Pratiques culturelles et enfance: sous le regard du genre, Août-Septembre, pp. 87-110.
• Merleau- Ponty, Maurice. 1965. Phenomenology of Perception. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
• Messner, Michael A. 2002. Taking the Field: Women, Men and Sports. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
• Metheny, Eleanor. 1965. Connotations of Movement in Sport and Dance. Dubuque, IA: W.C. Brown.
• Nelson, E. D. (Adie). 2001. “The Things That Dreams Are Made On: Dreamwork and the Socialization of ‘Stage Mothers.’” Qualitative Sociology 24(4):439-458.
• Nunomura, Myrian and Mauricio Santos Oliveira. 2013. “Parent’s Support in the Sports Career of Young Gymnasts.” Science of Gymnastics Journal 5(1):5-17.
• Olszewski, Brandon. 2008. “El cuerpo del Baile: The Kinetic and Social Fundaments of Tango.” Body and Society 14(2):63-81.
• Pfister, Gertrud. 2013. “Gender and Sport – Empirical Data and Theoretical Considerations.” Człowiek i Społeczeństwo XXXVI(1):39-56.
• Raudsepp, Lennart and Roomet Viira. 2000. “Influence of Parents’ and Siblings’ Physical Activity on Activity Levels of Adolescents.” European Journal of Physical Education 5:169-178.
• Slater, Amy and Marika Tiggemann. 2011. “Gender Differences in Adolescent Sport Participation, Teasing, Self-Objectification and Body Image Concerns.” Journal of Adolescence 34:455-463.
• Strauss, Anselm L. 1984. “Social Worlds and Their Segmentation Processes.” Studies in Symbolic Interactionism 5:123-139.
• Strauss, Anselm L. and Barney Glaser. 1967. The Discovery of Grounded Theory. New Brunswick, London: Aldine.
• Strauss, Anselm L. and Juliet Corbin. 1990. Basics of Qualitative Research. Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques. Newbury Park, London, New Delhi: Sage.
• Thouault, Laure and Christine Mennesson. 2004. “Les hommes de la danse: trajectoires de vie et modes de socialisation.” Pp. 69-82 in Dispositions et pratiques sportives. Debats actuels en sociologie du sport. Paris: L’Harmattan.
• Vertinsky, Patricia. 1990. The Eternally Wounded Woman: Women, Doctors and Exercise in the Late Nineteenth Century. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
• Vertinsky, Patricia 1994. “The Social Construction of the Gendered Body.” The International Journal of the History of Sport 11(2):147-171.
• Wasch, Faye L. 2005. “The Boundaries of Difference: Negotiating Gender in Recreational Sport.” Sociological Inquiry 75(4):527-547.

Identifiers

DOI

10.18778/1733-8077.14.2.02