Full-text resources of CEJSH and other databases are now available in the new Library of Science.
Visit https://bibliotekanauki.pl

PL EN


2020 | 16 | 4 | 64-88

Article title

The Work of Sales Representatives in the Context of Interactions and Work with Emotions

Content

Title variants

Languages of publication

EN

Abstracts

EN
The article aims to present the interactional encounters undertaken within their professional context by the studied group of Polish sales representatives concerning their emotions and emotional work. It is an internally diverse group made of individuals skillful in managing their emotions, as well as the ones of others. Additionally, the professional group at hand is purposefully trained to acquire skills in the area of managing emotions. The concepts of Everett Hughes (1958) concerning work, Arlie Hochschild (1983) in the context of emotional labor, Anselm Strauss (1993) pointing to the coexistence of emotions and action, and Robert Prus (1997) on the contextual nature of social life are the theoretical underpinning of the article. They all derive from the interpretative paradigm and fit into the theoretical premises of symbolic interactionism, assuming the constant construction of social reality as a result of interactions undertaken by social actors (see: Blumer 2007). It is the nature of their interactions with customers, colleagues, and direct and indirect superiors that determines the specificity of a sales representative’s work situation. The analyses presented in the article are based on qualitative research using unstructured interviews, conversational interviews, and observations.

Year

Volume

16

Issue

4

Pages

64-88

Physical description

Dates

published
2020-10-31

Contributors

  • University of Lodz, Poland

References

  • Adler, Patricia A. and Peter Adler. 1987. Membership Roles in Field Research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
  • Becker, Howard S. and Blanche Greer. 1960. “Participant Observation. The Analysis of Qualitative Field Data.” Pp. 267-288 in Human Organization Research. Field Relations and Techniques, edited by R. Adams and J. Preiss. Homewood, IL: Dorsey.
  • Blumer, Herbert. 2007. Interakcjonizm symboliczny. Perspektywa i metoda [Symbolic Interactionism. Perspective and Method]. Cracow: Nomos.
  • Brotheridge, Celeste M. and Alicia A. Grandey. 2002. “Emotional Labor and Burnout: Comparing Two Perspectives of ‘People Work.’” Journal of Vocational Behavior 60:17-39.
  • Deegan, Mary Jo. 2001. “The Chicago School of Ethnography.” Pp. 11-25 in Handbook of Ethnography, edited by P. Atkinson et al. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Denzin, Norman K. 1978. The Research Act: A Theoretical Introduction to Sociological Methods. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Dzięcielska-Machnikowska, Stefania. 1990. “Socjologia pracy i przemysłu [The Sociology of Work and Industry].” Pp. 257-278 in Socjologia polska [Polish Sociology], edited by Z. Krawczyk. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego.
  • Fukuyama, Francis. 1997. Ostatni człowiek [The End of History and the Last Man]. Poznan: Wydawnictwo Zysk i S-ka.
  • Giddens, Anthony. 2006. Socjologia [ Sociology]. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
  • Goleman, Daniel. 1997. Inteligencja emocjonalna [Emotional Intelligence]. Poznan: Media Rodzina of Poznań.
  • Grandey, Alicia A. 2000. “Emotional Regulation in the Workplace: A New Way to Conceptualize Emotional Labor.” Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 5(1):95-110.
  • Gross, James J. 1998. “Antecedent- and Response-Focused Emotion Regulation: Divergent Consequences for Experience, Expression, and Physiology.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74(1):224-237.
  • Hammersley, Martyn and Paul Atkinson. 2000. Metody badań terenowych [Ethnography. Principles in Practice]. Poznan: Wydawnictwo Zysk i S-ka.
  • Hammersley, Martyn and Paul Atkinson. 2007. Ethnography. Principles in Practice. New York: Taylor and Francis.
  • Hochschild, Arlie R. 1983. The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
  • Hochschild, Arlie R. 2009. Zarządzanie emocjami. Komercjalizacja ludzkich uczuć [The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling]. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
  • Hughes, Everett C. 1958. Men and Their Work. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
  • Johnson, Hazel-Anne M. and Paul E. Spector. 2007. “Service with a Smile: Do Emotional Intelligence, Gender and Autonomy Moderate the Emotional Labor Process?” Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 12(4):319-333.
  • Kanter, Rosabeth Moss. 1977. Men and Women of the Corporation. New York: Basic Books.
  • Kemper, Theodore D. 2005. “Modele społeczne w wyjaśnianiu emocji [Social Models in Explaining Emotions].” Pp. 72-87 in Psychologia emocji [Psychology of Emotions], edited by M. Lewis and J. M. Haviland-Jones. Gdansk: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.
  • Kemper, Theodore D. 2008. “Power, Status, and Emotions.” Pp. 369-383 in Emotions. A Social Science Reader, edited by M. Greco and P. Stenner. London, New York: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group.
  • Kempny, Danuta. 2008. Obsługa logistyczna [Logistic Service]. Katowice: Wydawnictwo Akademii Ekonomicznej w Katowicach.
  • Konecki, Krzysztof T. 1988. “Praca w koncepcji socjologii interakcjonistycznej [Work in the Lens of Interactionist Sociology].” Studia Socjologiczne 1(108):225-245.
  • Konecki, Krzysztof T. 2000. Studia z metodologii badań jakościowych. Teoria ugruntowana [Studies in Qualitative Research Methodology. Grounded Theory]. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
  • Konecki, Krzysztof T. 2007. “Procesualne ujęcie organizacji. Organizacje, struktury, procesy i tożsamości [Processual Approach to the Organization. Organizations, Structures, Processes, and Identities].” Pp. 7-21 in Zarządzanie organizacjami. Organizacja jako proces [Organization Management. Organization as a Process], edited by K. T. Konecki and P. Chomczyński. Lodz: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego.
  • Kopertyńska, Wanda M. 2009. Motywowanie pracowników. Teoria i praktyka [Motivating Employees. Theory and Practice]. Warsaw: Agencja Wydawnicza Placet.
  • Kostera, Monika. 2003. Antropologia organizacji. Metodologia badań terenowych [Organization Anthropology. Field Research Methodology]. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
  • Kostera, Monika, ed. 2011. Etnografia organizacji. Badania polskich firm i instytucji [Organizational Ethnography. Studies of Polish Companies and Institutions]. Gdansk: Gdańskie Wydawnictwo Psychologiczne.
  • Kostera, Monika. 2012. “Etnografia organizacji [Organizational Ethnography].” Pp. 73-77 in Słownik Socjologii Jakościowej [Dictionary of Qualitative Sociology], edited by K. Konecki and P. Chomczyński. Warsaw: Difin.
  • Kulpińska, Jolanta. 1986. “Tendencja rozwoju socjologii pracy [Development Tendency of the Sociology of Work].” Pp. 8-25 in Socjologia pracy i przemysłu [The Sociology of Work and Industry], edited by S. Dzięcielska-Machnikowska and J. Kulpińska. Lodz: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego.
  • Kvale, Steinar. 2004. InterViews. Wprowadzenie do jakościowego wywiadu badawczego [InterViews. An Introduction to Qualitative Research Interviewing]. Bialystok: Trans Humana.
  • Lee, Raymond T. and Céleste M. Brotheridge. 2011. “Words from the Heart Speak to the Heart: A Study of Deep Acting, Faking, and Hiding among Child Care Workers.” The Career Development International 16(4):401-420.
  • Lis, Franciszek J. 1982. Człowiek w procesie pracy. Praca chęć czy przymus? [Man in the Process of Work. Work-Will or Compulsion?]. Warsaw: Instytut Wydawniczy Związków Zawodowych.
  • Lutyński, Jan. 1968. “Ankieta i jej rodzaje na tle podziału technik otrzymywania materiałów [Questionnaire and Its Types and the Division of Data Collection Techniques].” Pp.10-56 in Analizy i próby technik badawczych w socjologii, Tom 2 [Analyzes and Trials of Research Techniques in Sociology, Vol. 2], edited by Z. Gostkowski and J. Lutyński. Wroclaw: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich.
  • Lutyński, Jan. 1994. Metody badań społecznych. Wybrane zagadnienia [Social Research Methods. Selected Issues]. Lodz: Łódzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe.
  • Mayo, Andrew. 2002. Kształtowanie strategii szkoleń i rozwoju [Creating a Learning and Development Strategy]. Cracow: Oficyna Ekonomiczna.
  • Meanwell, Emily, Joseph D. Wolfe, and Tim Hallet 2008. “Old Paths and New Directions: Studying Emotions in the Workplace.” Sociology Compass 2:537-559.
  • Nelson, E. D. (Adie) and Ronald D. Lambert. 2001. “Sticks, Stones and Semantics: The Ivory Tower Bully’s Vocabulary of Motives.” Qualitative Sociology 24(1):83-106.
  • Pawłowska, Beata. 2013. Emocje społeczne w pracy nauczyciela i przedstawiciela handlowego [Social Emotions in the Work of Teachers and Sales Representatives]. Lodz: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego.
  • Pawłowska, Beata. 2020. “Pride in Teachers’ Everyday Work. Conditions and Contexts.” Qualitative Sociology Review 16(1):28-48.
  • Pierce, Jennifer L. 1999. “Emotional Labor among Paralegals.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 561:127-142.
  • Prus, Robert. 1989. Making Sales: Influence as Interpersonal Accomplishment. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
  • Prus, Robert. 1994. “Consumers as Targets: Autonomy, Accountability, and Anticipation of the Influence Process.” Qualitative Sociology 17(3):243-262.
  • Prus, Robert. 1997. Subcultural Mosaics and Intersubjective Realities. An Ethnographic Research Agenda for Pragmatizing the Social Sciences. New York: State University of New York Press.
  • Prus, Robert and Scott Grills. 2003. The Deviant Mystique: Involvements, Realities and Regulation. Westport, CT: Praeger.
  • Przybyłowska, Ilona. 1978. “Wywiad swobodny ze standaryzowaną listą poszukiwanych informacji i możliwości jego zastosowania w badaniach socjologicznych [Interview with a Standardized List of Questions and the Possibility of Its Application in Sociological Research].” Przegląd Socjologiczny 30:54-68.
  • Rafaeli, Anat and Robert I. Sutton. 1990. “Busy Stores and Demanding Customers: How Do They Affect the Display of Positive Emotion?” Academy of Management Journal 33:623-637.
  • Raz, Aviad. 2003. “The Slanted Smile Factory: Emotion Management in Tokyo Disneyland.” Pp. 210-227 in The Cultural Study of Work, edited by D. Harper and H. M. Lawson. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
  • Rogalin, Christabel L. and Laura E. Hirshfield. 2013. “Emotion and Leadership: What Scholarship on Status and Identity Can Tell Us.” Sociology Compass 7/6:487-501.
  • Rogozińska-Pawełczyk, Anna. 2014. Pokolenia na rynku pracy [Generations on the Labor Market]. Lodz: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego.
  • Scheff, Thomas J. 1988. “Shame and Conformity: The Deference Emotion System.” American Sociological Review 53:395-406.
  • Scheff, Thomas J. 1990. Microsociology. Discourse, Emotion, and Social Structure. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Scheff, Thomas J. 2000. “Shame and the Social Bond: A Sociological Theory.” Sociological Theory 18(1):84-99.
  • Scheff, Thomas J. 2003. “Shame and Self in Society.” Symbolic Interaction 26:239-262.
  • Schwartz, Morris and Charlotte G. Schwartz. 1955. “Problems in Participant Observation.” American Journal of Sociology 60(4):343-353.
  • Schweingruber, David and Nancy Berns. 2003. “Doing Money Work in a Door-to-Door Sales Organization.” Symbolic Interaction 26(3):447-471.
  • Shott, Susan. 1979. “Emotion and Social Life: A Symbolic Interactionist Analysis.” American Journal of Sociology 84:1317-1334.
  • Silverman, David. 2007. Interpretacja danych jakościowych [Interpreting Qualitative Data]. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN.
  • Smith, Allen C. and Sherryl Kleinman. 1989. “Managing Emotions in Medical School: Student’s Contacts with the Living and the Dead.” Social Psychology Quarterly 52:56-69.
  • Springer, Agnieszka and Karolina Oleksa. 2017. “Praca emocjonalna a wypalenie zawodowe – Analiza porównawcza pracy nauczycieli i pracowników sektora usług komercyjnych [Emotional Work and Burnout. A Comparative Analysis of the Work of Teachers and Employees in the Commercial Services Sector].” Medycyna Pracy 68(5):605-615.
  • Strauss, Anselm L. 1959. Mirrors and Masks. The Search for Identity. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
  • Strauss, Anselm L. 1988. “The Articulation of Project Work: An Organizational Process.” Sociological Quarterly 29:163-178.
  • Strauss, Anselm L. 1993. Continual Permutations of Action. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
  • Sutton, Robert I. 1991. “Maintaining Norms about Expressed Emotion: The Case of Bill Collectors.” Administrative Science Quarterly 36:245-268.
  • Sykes, Gresham and David Matza. 1979. “Techniques of Neutralization: A Theory of Delinquency.” Pp. 497-504 in Social Interaction. Introductory Readings in Sociology, edited by H. Robboy, S. Greenblatt, and C. Clark. New York: St. Martin Press.
  • Szczepański, Jan. 1961. “Uwagi o przedmiocie i zadaniach socjologii [Notes on the Subject and Tasks of Sociology].” Pp. 169-184 in Jak pracuje człowiek [How Man Works], edited by B. Biegeleisen-Żelazowski et al. Warsaw: Książka i Wiedza.
  • Szczygieł, Dorota et al. 2009. “Praca emocjonalna w zawodach usługowych – pojęcie, przegląd teorii i badań [Emotional Work in Service Occupations-Concept, Review of Theory and Research].” Psychologia Społeczna 3(11):155-166.
  • Wharton, Amy S. 2009. “The Sociology of Emotional Labor.” Annual Review of Sociology 35:147165.
  • Wiktorowicz, Justyna and Izabela Warwas. 2016. “Pokolenia na rynku pracy [Generations on the Labor Market].” Pp. 19-37 in Pokolenia – co się zmienia? Kompendium zarządzania międzygeneracyjnego [Generations-What Is Changing? Compendium of Intergenerational Management], edited by J. Wiktorowicz et al. Warsaw: Wolters Kluwer S.A.
  • Williams, Christine L. 2006. Inside Toyland: Working, Shopping, and Social Inequality. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
  • Williams, Lisa A. and David DeSteno. 2008. “Pride and Perseverance: The Motivational Role of Pride.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 94(6):1007-1017.
  • Wojciechowska, Magdalena. 2018. “Doing Research on Behind-the-Scenes Phenomena: Entering the Female Escort Industry.” Pp. 133-139 in The Craft of Qualitative Research, edited by S. Kleinknecht, L-J. K. van den Scott, and C. Sanders. Toronto: Canadian Scholars’ Press.

Document Type

Publication order reference

Identifiers

YADDA identifier

bwmeta1.element.ojs-doi-10_18778_1733-8077_16_4_05
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.