Digital Literacy and Awareness of User Location Privacy: What People in Turkey Know About Google COVID-19 Community Mobility Reports?

• Authors: İlknur Nina Paslanmaz Uluğ , Cem Sefa Sütcü

Title variants

Umiejętności cyfrowe i świadomość prywatności lokalizacji użytkownika: Co ludzie w Turcji wiedzą o raportach mobilności społeczności Google COVID-19?

Abstracts

PL

W momencie wybuchu pandemii COVID-19 ani władze państwowe, ani zakłady opieki zdrowotnej, ani duże firmy technologiczne nie były przygotowane na podjęcie walki z tą chorobą. Aby zapobiec rozprzestrzenianiu się COVID-19, na szeroką skalę prowadzono kontrolę kontaktów międzyludzkich za pomocą danych o lokalizacji, głównie narzędzi technologicznych, zwłaszcza smartfonów. Podczas pandemii z powodu blokady narzuconej przez rządy pojawiły się także trudności gospodarcze. Z tej przyczyny aplikacje dystansowania społecznego i śledzenia kontaktów stały się powszechne, aby jak najszybciej zapobiec chorobie. Takie strategie negatywnie wpłynęły na postrzeganie prywatności przez jednostki, ponieważ władze nadały priorytet zbieraniu danych od osób fizycznych w celu zapobiegania pandemii. Z drugiej strony organizacje pozarządowe zasugerowały, że preferowane powinno być podejście „przede wszystkim prywatność” i „zdecentralizowanie” zamiast „przede wszystkim dane” i „scentralizowanie”. Aby pomóc w walce z wirusem, firmy Google i Apple opracowały zdecentralizowany wspólny interfejs API, zgodny także z ogólnym rozporządzeniem Unii Europejskiej o ochronie danych. W szczególności Google regularnie udostępniało publicznie „raporty mobilności społeczności Google” (ang. Google Community Mobility Reports – GCMR), anonimizując dane gromadzone z Map Google. Korzystając z tych raportów, użytkownicy uzyskiwali dane dotyczące ruchu w takich kategoriach miejsc, jak: handel detaliczny i rekreacja, supermarkety i apteki, parki i transport publiczny, miejsca pracy i zamieszkania.Problem badawczy artykułu stanowi następujące pytanie: Czy osoby mieszkające w Turcji są świadome, że ich dane o lokalizacji i ruchu są śledzone przez Mapy Google i aplikacje do śledzenia kontaktów w celu zapobiegania rozprzestrzenianiu się COVID-19? Autorzy artykułu zbadali również motywacje Turków do pobierania aplikacji do śledzenia lokalizacji. Zastanawiali się, czy respondenci podejmowali niezbędne kroki w celu ochrony swojej prywatności. Sprawdzili, czy mają oni obawy dotyczące możliwego przyszłego wykorzystania danych śledzenia kontaktów zebranych przez władze zdrowotne w Turcji i inne instytucje, takie jak np. Google.Grupę respondentów stanowili użytkownicy smartfonów. Badania zostały zrealizowane za pomocą ankiety online z wykorzystaniem Formularzy Google. Ankieta składała się głównie z pytań narracyjnych. Respondenci byli proszeni o wyobrażenie sobie różnych scenariuszy, w których producenci aplikacji, operatorzy/producenci telefonów komórkowych lub rząd wykorzystywali niektóre ze swoich danych do badania lub łagodzenia rozprzestrzeniania się COVID-19. Następnie między 15 grudnia 2020 r. a 2 stycznia 2021 r. autorzy za pośrednictwem różnych sieci społecznościowych rozpowszechnili link do ankiety. Ankieta została przeprowadzona anonimowo. Analizie ilościowej poddano 444 kwestionariuszy ankiet. Jak wskazują wyniki badań, poziom umiejętności cyfrowych badanych osób jest wysoki, co warunkuje wysoki poziom ich wykształcenia. Jednocześnie analiza odpowiedzi pokazała, że respondenci nie czytają warunków oferowanych w aplikacjach. Osoby dbające o prywatność wyraziły chęć udostępniania swoich danych w trosce o zdrowie publiczne. Przeprowadzone badania wykazały, iż wiedza ankietowanych na temat GCMR jest niewystarczająca. Respondenci byli niezdecydowani, a nadto martwili się wykorzystaniem ich danych przez władze w przyszłości ze względu na niepewność doświadczaną w okresie pandemii.

EN

At the outbreak of the COVID-19, governments, health organizations and large technology companies were not prepared for the measures to be taken against the disease. Contact tracking was widely carried out using location data to prevent the spread of COVID-19 with the use of technological tools, especially smartphones. In this epidemic, economic difficulties also emerged due to the lockdown imposed by the governments. For this reason, social distancing and contact tracing applications have become widespread in order to prevent the disease as soon as possible. Such strategies negatively affected individuals’ perceptions of privacy, because authorities gave priority to collecting data from individuals in order to prevent the epidemic. On the other hand, non-governmental organizations suggested that “privacy-first” and “decentralized” approaches should be preferred instead of “data-first” and “centralized” approaches. In this direction, Google and Apple companies have developed a decentralized common API to help fight the virus, which also complies with the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation. And in particular, Google has regularly shared Google Community Mobility Reports (GCMR) publicly by anonymizing the data it collects from Google Maps. Using these reports people and authorities can get movement data about different categories of places such as retail and recreation, supermarkets and pharmacies, parks, public transport, workplaces and residential.Our aim is to find out whether individuals in Turkey are aware that their location and movement data are being tracked by Google Maps and contact tracing apps for preventing the spread of COVID-19. We also examined their motivations for downloading location tracing apps and whether they have been taking necessary steps to protect their privacy. We investigated whether they had concerns about the possible future use of contact tracing data collected by the health authorities in Turkey and other institutions like Google. The scope of the study covers smartphone users. We collected data through an online survey using Google Forms. Our survey consists mostly of narrative questions, where we asked respondents to imagine various scenarios where app manufacturers, mobile phone operators/manufacturers, or the government were using some of their data to study or mitigate the spread of COVID-19. Then, between 12.15.2020/01.02.2021 we distributed the survey link to the participants through various social media networks. We reported the results of the data of 444 people collected anonymously by quantitative analysis methods. As a result of the study, it was determined that the digital literacy levels of the individuals are high due to their high education level. Despite this, it has been revealed that the participants do not read the terms and conditions offered in apps. Individuals who care about privacy expressed their willingness to share their data for the sake of public health. As an answer to the main question of our study, it was concluded that the participants’ knowledge of GCMR was insufficient. As a matter of fact, it was understood that individuals were indecisive and worried about the use of their data by the authorities in the future due to the uncertainty experienced during the pandemic period.

Keywords

PL

Covid-19; Google Community Mobility Reports; umiejętności cyfrowe; prywatność cyfrowa; prywatność danych lokalizacyjnych; zmiany technologiczne

EN

COVID-19; Google Community Mobility Reports; Digital Literacy; Digital Privacy; Location Data Privacy; Technological Change

• Publisher: Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
• Journal: Studia i Analizy Nauk o Polityce
• Year: 2023
• Issue: 1
• Pages: 83-120

Dates

published

2023

Contributors

author

İlknur Nina Paslanmaz Uluğ

• Marmara University, Social Sciences Institute

author

Cem Sefa Sütcü

• Marmara University, Faculty of Communications, Informatics Department

References

• Abeler, J., M. Bäcker, U. Buermeyer, H. Zillessen (2020), COVID-19 Contact Tracing and Data Protection Can Go Together, “JMIR mHealth and uHealth” 8(4): 1–5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2196/19359.
• Ahn, N.Y., J.E. Park, D.H. Lee, P.C. Hong (2020), Balancing Personal Privacy and Public Safety During COVID-19: The Case of South Korea, “IEEE Access” 8: 171325–171333. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3025971.
• Aktay, A., S. Bavadekar, G. Cossoul, J. Davis, D.D. Desfontaines, R.J. Wilson (2020), Google COVID-19 Community Mobility Reports: Anonymization Process Description (Version 1.0), 1–5, arXiv preprint arXiv:2004.04145, https://arxiv.org/abs/2004.04145 (12.12.2020).
• Anderson, R.M., H. Heesterbeek, D. Klinkenberg, T.D. Hollingsworth (2020), How Will Country-Based Mitigation Measures Influence the Course of the COVID-19 Epidemic?, “The Lancet” 395(10228): 931–934. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30567-5.
• Atamaniuk, M. (2020), Which Company Uses the Most of Your Data?, https://clario.co/blog/which-company-uses-most-data/ (18.12.2020).
• Azad, M.A., J. Arshad, S.M. Akmal, F. Riaz, S. Abdullah, M. Imran, F. Ahmad (2020), A First Look at Privacy Analysis of COVID-19, “IEEE Internet of Things Journal” 1–11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2020.3024180.
• Barrios, J.M., E. Benmelech, Y.V. Hochberg, P. Sapienza, L. Zingales (2021), Civic Capital and Social Distancing During the COVID-19 Pandemic, “Journal of Public Economics” 193: 104310. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104310.
• Barro, R.J., J.F. Ursúa, J. Weng (2020), The Coronavirus and the Great Influenza Pandemic: Lessons from the “Spanish Flu” for the Coronavirus’s Potential Effects on Mortality and Economic Activity (No. w26866), “National Bureau of Economic Research,” https://www.nber.org/papers/w26866 (5.12.2020).
• Basellini, U., D. Alburez-Gutierrez, E.D. Fava, D. Perrotta, M. Bonetti, C.G. Camarda, E. Zagheni (2020), Linking Excess Mortality to Google Mobility Data During the COVID-19 Pandemic in England and Wales, 1–18, SocArXiv. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/75d6m.
• BBC News Turkey (16.01.2021), WhatsApp Postponed the Change of Privacy Agreement Regarding Data Sharing, https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-55684775 (19.02.2021).
• Beaunoyer, E., S. Dupéré, M.J. Guitton (2020), COVID-19 and Digital Inequalities: Reciprocal Impacts and Mitigation Strategies, “Computers in Human Behavior” 111: 106424. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106424.
• Bengio, Y., D. Ippolito, R. Janda, M. Jarvie, B. Prud’homme, J.-F. Rousseau, Y.W. Yu (2020), Inherent Privacy Limitations of Decentralized Contact Tracing Apps, “Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association” 1–5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocaa153.
• Berke, A., M. Bakker, P. Vepakomma, K. Larson, A. Pentland (2020), Assessing Disease Exposure Risk with Location Data: A Proposal for Cryptographic Preservation of Privacy, 1–15, arXiv preprint 2003.14412, https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.14412 (2.12.2020).
• Borger, J. (7.01.2021). Maga Mob’s Capitol Invasion Makes Trump’s Assault on Democracy Literal, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/jan/06/us-capitol-trump-mob-election-democracy (21.01.2021).
• Brough, A.R., K.D. Martin (2020), Consumer Privacy During (and after) the COVID-19 Pandemic, “Journal of Public Policy & Marketing” 40(1): 108–110. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0743915620929999.
• BTK, Information and Communication Technologies Authority (2020), Communications Services Statistics (Communication Services Statistics), Istanbul, Tukey, https://www.btk.gov.tr/uploads/pages/iletisim-hizmetleri-istatistikleri/istatistik-2020-3.pdf (1.01.2021).
• Buchholz, B.A., J. DeHart, G. Moorman (2020), Digital Citizenship During a Global Pandemic: Moving Beyond Digital Literacy, “Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy” 64(1): 11–17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jaal.1076.
• Carli, A. De, M. Franco, A. Gassmann, C. Killer, B. Rodrigues, E. Scheid, D. Schoenbaechler, B. Stiller (2020), WeTrace A Privacy-preserving Mobile COVID-19 Tracing Approach and Application, 1–15, arXiv preprint, https://arxiv.org/abs/2004.08812v1 (3.01.2021).
• Cho, H., D. Ippolito, Y.W. Yu (2020), Contact Tracing Mobile Apps for COVID-19: Privacy Considerations and Related Trade-offs., 1–12, arXiv:2003.11511 [Cs], http://arxiv.org/abs/2003.11511 (13.01.2021).
• Chunara, R., S.H. Cook (2020), Using Digital Data to Protect and Promote the Most Vulnerable in the Fight Against COVID-19, “Frontiers in Public Health” 8, 1–3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00296.
• Coibion, O., Y. Gorodnichenko, M. Weber (2020), The Cost of the COVID-19 Crisis: Lockdowns, Macroeconomic Expectations, and Consumer Spending (No. w27141), “National Bureau of Economic Research,” https://www.nber.org/papers/w27141 (14.12.2020).
• COVID-19 – Google Mobility Report (2021), https://datastudio.google.com/u/0/reporting/a529e043-e2b9-4e6f-86c6-ec99a5d7b9a4/page/yY2MB?s=ho2bve3abdM (26.12.2020) .
• Díaz, A. (7.04.2020), Coronavirus, Location Tracking, and Civil Liberties, https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/analysis-opinion/coronavirus-location-tracking-and-civil-liberties (18.12.2020).
• Dogan, S. (2020), From Google, COVID-19 Community Mobility Reports: Turkey, https://medium.com/t%C3%BCrkiye/googledan-Covid-19-topluluk-hareketlili%C4%9Fi-raporu-t%C3%BCrkiye-3e052bb2cf87 (18.12.2020).
• Dubov, A., S. Shoptaw (2020), The Value and Ethics of Using Technology to Contain the COVID-19 Epidemic, “The American Journal of Bioethics” 1–5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2020.1764136.
• Fahey, R.A., A. Hino (2020), COVID-19, Digital Privacy, and the Social Limits on Data-Focused Public Health Responses, “ELSEVIER International Journal of Information Management” 1–5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102181.
• Ferguson, N., D. Laydon, G. Nedjati Gilani, N. Imai, K. Ainslie, M. Baguelin, A. Ghani (2020), Report 9: Impact of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions (NPIs) to Reduce COVID19 Mortality and Healthcare Demand, “Imperial College London” 1–2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25561/77482.
• Gilbert, G.L., C. Degeling, J. Johnson (2019), Communicable Disease Surveillance Ethics in the Age of Big Data and New Technology, “Asian Bioethics Review” 11(2): 173–187. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41649-019-00087-1.
• Google (2020), Google COVID-19 Community Mobility Reports, https://www.google.com/covid19/mobility/ (7.11.2020).
• Gvili, Y. (2020), Security Analysis of the COVID-19 Contact Tracing Specifications by Apple Inc. and Google Inc., IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch, 428, https://eprint.iacr.org/2020/428.pdf (22.12.2020).
• Hayat Eve Sığar [n.d.], https://hayatevesigar.saglik.gov.tr/index-eng.html (12.12.2020).
• Harari, Y.N. (20.03.2020), The World after Coronavirus. The Financial Times, https://www.ft.com/content/19d90 308-6858-11ea-a3c9-1fe6f edcca75 (12.11.2020).
• Herren, C.M., T.K. Brownwright, E.Y. Liu, N. El Amiri, M.S. Majumder (2020), Democracy and Mobility: A Preliminary Analysis of Global Adherence to Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions for COVID-19, 1–6, https://ssrn.com/abstract=3570206 (28.12.2020).
• Huang, X., Z. Li, Y. Jiang, X. Ye, C. Deng, J. Zhang, X. Li (2020), The Characteristics of Multi-source Mobility Datasets and How They Reveal the Luxury Nature of Social Distancing in the US During the COVID-19 Pandemic, “medRxiv” 1–32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.31.20143016.
• Hussein, M.R., A.B. Shams, E.H. Apu, M.S. Rahman, K.A. Mamun (2020), Digital Surveillance Systems for Tracing COVID-19: Privacy and Security Challenges with Recommendations, 1–6, arXiv preprint arXiv:2007.13182., https://arxiv.org/abs/2007.13182v1 (2.12.2020).
• Huynh, T.L. (2020), Does Culture Matter Social Distancing Under the COVID-19 Pandemic?, “Safety Science” 1–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2020.104872.
• Ienca, M., E. Vayena (2020), On the Responsible Use of Digital Data to Tackle the COVID-19 Pandemic, “Nature Medicine” 26(4): 463–464. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0832-5.
• Intersoft Consulting (2016), General Data Protection Regulation GDPR, https://gdpr-info.eu/ (11.05.2023).
• Instagram, Bekir Agırdır [27.01.2021], https://www.instagram.com/reel/CKjaHChl6Mj/?igshid=1ss59ktae5awh (19.02.2021).
• Jung, G., H. Lee, A. Kim, U. Lee (2020), Too Much Information: Assessing Privacy Risks of Contact Trace Data Disclosure on People with COVID-19 in South Korea, “Frontiers in Public Health” 8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00305.
• Klein, N. (13.05.2020), How Big Tech Plans to Profit from the Pandemic, https://www.theguardian.com/news/2020/may/13/naomi-klein-how-big-tech-plans-to-profit-fromcoronavirus-pandemic (6.01.2021).
• Laing, T. (2020), The Economic Impact of the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-2019): Implications for the Mining Industry, “The Extractive Industries and Society” 7(2): 580–582. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2020.04.003.
• Leins, K., C. Culnane, B.I. Rubinstein (2020), Tracking, Tracing, Trust: Contemplating Mitigating the Impact of COVID-19 Through Technological Interventions, “The Medical Journal of Australia” 1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5694/mja2.50669.
• Martin, K.D., A. Borah, R.W. Palmatier (2017), Data Privacy: Effects on Customer and Firm Performance, “Journal of Marketing” 81(1): 36–58. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1509/jm.15.0497.
• Mathews, L. (13.04.2020), 500,000 Hacked Zoom Accounts Given Away for Free on The Dark Web, Forbes.com, https://www.forbes.com/sites/leemathews/2020/04/13/500000-hacked-zoom-accounts-given-away-for-free-on-the-dark-web/?sh=7542574b58c5 (20.01.2021).
• Michael, K., R. Abbas (2020), Behind COVID-19 Contact Trace Apps: The Google–Apple Partnership, “IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine” 9(5): 71–76. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/MCE.2020.3002492.
• Nature (4.02.2021), COVID Research Updates: What Makes a Person with COVID More Contagious? Hint: Not a Cough, https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-00502-w (5.02.2021).
• Oliver, N., B. Lepri, H. Sterly, R. Lambiotte, S. Deletaille, M. De Nadai, P. Vinck (2020), Mobile Phone Data for Informing Public Health Actions Across the COVID-19 Pandemic Life Cycle, “Sci Adv” 6(23): 1–6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abc0764.
• Phillips, T., H. Ellis-Petersen, S. Walker, J.C. Wong (17.01.2021), Trump Social Media Ban Sparks Calls for Action Against other Populist Leaders, https://www.theguardian.com/media/2021/jan/17/trump-social-media-ban-jair-bolsonaro-narendra-modi (21.01.2021).
• Raskar, R., I. Schunemann, R. Barbar, K. Vilcans, J. Gray, P. Vepakomma, J. Werner (2020), Apps Gone Rogue: Maintaining Personal Privacy in an Epidemic, 1–15, arXiv preprint arXiv:2003.08567, https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.08567 (5.12.2020).
• Roberts, M. (3.02.2021), UK Finds More Coronavirus Cases with ‘Concerning’ Mutations, https://www.bbc.com/news/health-55900625 (5.02.2021).
• Romm, T., D. Harwell, E. Dwoskin, C. Timberg (10.04.2020), Apple, Google Debut Major Effort to Help People Track if They’ve Come in Contact with Coronavirus, https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/04/10/ apple-google-tracking-coronavirus/ (17.01.2021).
• Saha, J., B. Barman, P. Chouhan (2020), Lockdown for COVID-19 and Its Impact on Pupil Mobility in India: an Analysis of the COVID-19 Community Mobility Reports, “Children and Youth Services Review” 1–14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105160.
• Sharma, T., M. Bashir (2020), Use of Apps in the COVID-19 Response and the Loss of Privacy Protection, “Nature Medicine” 1165–1166. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0928-y.
• Silva, G.C. da, S. Oliveira, E.F. Wanner, L.C.T. Bezerra (2020), Google COVID-19 Community Mobility Reports: Insights from Multi-criteria Decision Making, 1–11, arXiv e-prints, arXiv-2009, https://arxiv.org/abs/2009.10648 (5.11.2020).
• Simko, L., R. Calo, F. Roesner, T. Kohno (2020), COVID-19 Contact Tracing and Privacy: Studying Opinion and Preferences, 1–32, arXiv preprint arXiv:2005.06056v1, https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.06056 (5.12.2020).
• Singer, N., C. Sang-Hun (24.03.2020), As Coronavirus Surveillance Escalates, Personal Privacy Plummets, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/23/technology/coronavirus- surveillance-tracking-privacy.html (13.01.2020).
• Stanley, J., J.S. Granick (2020), The Limits of Location Tracking in an Epidemic, “American Civil Liberties Union” 1–9, https://www.aclu.org/sites/default/files/field_document/limits_of_location_tracking_in_an_epidemic.pdf (22.11.2020).
• Sun, R., W. Wang, M. Xue, G. Tyson, S. Camtepe, D. Ranasinghe (2020), Vetting Security and Privacy of Global COVID-19 Contact Tracing Applications, 1–13, arXiv preprint arXiv:2006.10933, https://arxiv.org/abs/2006.10933 (12.12.2020).
• T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı (2.05.2020), COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection Guide, https://covid19bilgi.saglik.gov.tr/depo/rehberler/Covid-19_Rehberi.pdf (26.11.2020).
• Twitter, Tim O’Reilly (2.09.2010), https://twitter.com/timoreilly/status/22823381903 (18.12.2020).
• Vitak, J., M. Zimmer (2020), More Than Just Privacy: Using Contextual Integrity to Evaluate the Long-Term Risks from COVID-19 Surveillance Technologies, “Social Media+ Society” 6(3). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305120948250.
• Wang, H., N. Yamamoto (2020), Using a Partial Differential Equation with Google Mobility Data to Predict COVID-19 in Arizona, “Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering” 17(5): 4892–4904. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3934/mbe.2020266.
• Wen, H., Q. Zhao, Z. Lin, D. Xuan, N. Shroff (2020), A Study of the Privacy of COVID-19 Contact Tracing Apps, [in:] N. Park, K. Sun, S. Foresti, K. Butler, N. Saxena (eds.), Security and Privacy in Communication Networks. 16th EAI International Conference, SecureComm 2020, Washington, DC, USA, October 21–23, 2020, Proceedings, Part I (Cham: Springer): 297–317. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63086-7_17.
• Whaiduzzaman, M., M.R. Hossain, A.R. Shovon, S. Roy, A. Laszka, R. Buyya, A. Barros (2020), A Privacy-preserving Mobile and Fog Computing Framework to Trace and Prevent COVID-19 Community Transmission, “IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics” 1–12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/JBHI.2020.3026060.
• Whittaker, Z. (20.04.2020), Hundreds of Academics Back Privacy-Friendly Coronavirus Contact Tracing Apps, https://techcrunch.com/2020/04/20/academics-contact-tracing/ (17.01.2021).
• WHO (2020), WHO Director-Generals Opening Remarks at the Media Briefing on COVID-19, World Health Organization, https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-Covid-19---11-march-2020 (17.01.2021).
• WHO (16.02.2021), Weekly Epidemiological Update, World Health Organization, https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/weekly-epidemiological-update---16-february-2021 (19.02.2021).
• Wielechowski, M., K., Czech, Ł. Grzęda (2020), Decline in Mobility: Public Transport in Poland in the Time of the COVID-19 Pandemic, “Economies” 8(4): 78. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/economies8040078.
• Yilmazkuday, H. (2020), Stay-at-home Works to Fight Against COVID-19: International Evidence from Google Mobility Data, “Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment” 1–11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2020.1845903.

Identifiers

DOI

10.31743/sanp.16189

Biblioteka Nauki

31339331