Full-text resources of CEJSH and other databases are now available in the new Library of Science.
Visit https://bibliotekanauki.pl

PL EN


2019 | 1 (133) | 75-93

Article title

Explaining the Meaning of ‘Grey Zones’ in Public International Law Based on the Example of the Conflict in Ukraine

Content

Title variants

Languages of publication

Abstracts

EN
The aim of this paper is to analyse four domains of ‘grey zones’ in public international law exploited by Russia’s activities during the conflict in Ukraine – acknowledgement of Russia’s involvement in the conflict; the use of force against Ukraine; the application of the right to self-determination; and passportisation carried out in Donbass. As this paper will demonstrate, legal assessment of the Russian actions is not impossible, although also not straightforward. It is only the resilience of public international law that may allow for the declaration of Russian actions as illegal, and the bringing of Russia to justice. The paper is divided into five parts: the first part defines the term ‘grey zone’ with regard to international law. The four sections following this are focused on the analysis of particular Russian actions as examples of conduct undertaken in the grey zones of international law, namely the Russian involvement in the conflict in Ukraine, the legal classification of Russian actions, the right to self-determination and passportisation.

Year

Issue

Pages

75-93

Physical description

Dates

published
2019

Contributors

  • Institute of Law Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences

References

  • Accordance with International Law of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in Respect of Kosovo, Advisory Opinion, ICJ Reports 2010, p. 403.
  • Address by President of the Russian Federation, 18 March 2014, <http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/20603> accessed 20 Feb 2020.
  • ‘Agreement on the Accession of the Republic of Crimea to the Russian Federation Signed’(Kremlin.ru 18 March 2014) <http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/20604> accessed 20 Feb 2020.
  • ‘Application of the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism and of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Ukraine v Russian Federation)’ (ICJ 2017-2019) <https://www.icj-cij.org/en/case/166> accessed 20 Feb 2020.
  • ‘Armed Pro-Russian Protesters Seize City in Eastern Ukraine’ (The Guardian 13 April 2014) <https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/12/pro-russian-protesterswind-up-tension-in-eastern-ukraine> accessed 20 Feb 2020.
  • Balmforth R, Zinets N, ‘Protests in Eastern Ukraine Aimed at Bringing in Russian Troops, Warns PM’ (Reuters 7 April 2014) <https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-storm/protests-in-easternukraine-aimed-at-bringing-in-russiantroops-warnspm-idUSBREA350B420140407> accessed 20 Feb 2020.
  • Bílková V, ‘The Use of Force by the Russian Federation in Crimea’ (2015) ZaoRV 75.
  • Borgen CJ, ‘Law, Rhetoric, Strategy: Russia and Self-Determination Before and After Crimea’ (2015) ILS 91.
  • Buckley N, Olearchyk R, Jack A, Hille K, ‘Ukraine’s ‘Little Green Men’ Carefully Mask Their Identity’ (Financial Times 16 April 2014) <https://www.ft.com/content/05e1d8ca-c57a-11e3-a7d4-00144feabdc0> accessed 20 Feb 2020.
  • Carment D, Nikolko M, Belo D, ‘Gray Zone Mediation in the Ukraine Crisis: Comparing Crimea and Donbas’ in J Wilkenfeld, K Beardsley, D Quinn (eds), Research Handbook on Mediating International Crises (Edward Elgar Publishing 2019).
  • Constitution of Ukrainian adopted at the 5th session of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine on 28 June 1996 <https://rm.coe.int/constitutionof-ukraine/168071f58b> accessed 20 Feb 2020.
  • Crimea Referendum: Voters «Back Russia Union»’ (BBC News 16 March 2014) <https://www.bbc.com/news/worldeurope‐26606097> accessed 20 Feb 2020.
  • Curtis W, ‘Maneuvering in the Gray Zone: The Gap Between Traditional Peacekeeping and War Fighting, Peacemaking, Peace-Enforcement, and Post-Conflict Peace-Building’ in FL Mokhtari (ed), Peacemaking, Peacekeeping, and Coalition Warfare: The Future Role of the United Nations (National Defense University 2014).
  • Cuvelier M, Passportization in International Law: Theory and Practice of Large Scale Extraterritorial Confferals of Nationality (MA thesis, Universiteit Gent 2017/2018) <https://lib.ugent.be/fulltxt/RUG01/002/479/381/RUG01-002479381_2018_0001_AC.pdf> accessed 20 Feb 2020.
  • Declaration of Independence of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol of 11 March 2014, <https://www.rada.crimea.ua/news/11_03_2014_1> accessed 20 Feb 2020.
  • ‘Direct Line with Vladimir Putin’ (Kremlin 17 April 2014) <http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/20796> accessed 20 Feb 2020.
  • Dörr O, ‘Use of Force, Prohibition of’ (Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law Sept 2015) <http://opil.ouplaw.com> accessed 20 Feb 2020.
  • Drache D, Jacobs LA, Grey Zones in International Economic Law and Global Governance (UBC Press 2018).
  • Driest van den SF, ‘Crimea’s Separation from Ukraine: An Analysis of the Right to Self Determination and (Remedial) Secession in International Law’, (2015) NILR 62.
  • European Parliament resolution of 13 March 2014 on the invasion of Ukraine by Russia [2014/2627(RSP)].
  • ‘Executive Order Identifying Groups of Persons Entitled to a Fast-Track Procedure when Applying for Russian Citizenship on Humanitarian Grounds’ (Kremlin 24 April 2019) <http://en.kremlin.ru/acts/news/60358> accessed 20 Feb 2020.
  • ‘Executive Order on Recognising Documents Issued to Ukrainian Citizens and Stateless Persons Living in Certain Districts of Ukraine’s Donetsk and Lugansk Regions’ (Kremlin 18 Feb 2017) <http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/53895> accessed 20 Feb 2020.
  • Feeney N, ‘Pro-Russia Insurgents Declare Independence in Eastern Ukraine’ (Time 12 May 2014) <https://time.com/96102/ukraine-donetsk-independence-russia/> accessed 20 Feb 2020.
  • Finley JC, ‘Russia supports Crimean parliament’s request to join Federation’ (UPI 7 March 2014) <https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2014/03/07/Russia-supports-Crimean-parliamentsrequest-to-join-Federation/8051394203191/> accessed 20 Feb 2020.
  • Grant TD, ‘Armed Force in Aid of Secession’ (2014) MLLWR 53(1).
  • Gray C, International Law and the Use of Force (OUP 2018).
  • Green JA, ‘The Annexation of Crimea: Russia, Passportisation and the Protection of Nationals Revisited’ (2014) JUFIL 1(1).
  • Hassler S, Quénivet N, ‘Conferral of Nationality of the Kin State – Mission Creep?’ in S Sayapin, E Tsybulenko (eds), The Use of Force Against Ukraine and International Law: Jus Ad Bellum, Jus In Bello, Jus Post Bellum (Springer 2018).
  • Henderson C, The Use of Force and International Law (CUP 2018).
  • ‘International armed conflict in Ukraine’ (RULAC Geneva Academy 2017) <http://www.rulac.org/browse/conflicts/international-armed-conflict-in-ukraine> accessed 20 Feb 2020.
  • Kapustin A, ‚Crimea’s self-determination in the light of contemporary international law’ (2015) ZaoRV 75.
  • Kraska J, ‘The Kerch Strait Incident: Law of the Sea or Law of Naval Warfare?’ (EJIL: Talk! 3 Dec 2018) <https://www.ejiltalk.org/the-kerch-strait-incident-law-of-the-seaor-lawof-naval-warfare/> accessed 20 Feb 2020.
  • Lattimer M, Sands P (eds), The Grey Zone: Civilian Protection Between Human Rights and the Laws of War (Hart 2018).
  • ‘Lavrov: Russia «respects results of referendum»’ (BBC News 12 May 2014) <https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-europe-27370038/lavrov-russia-respects-results-ofreferendum> accessed 20 Feb 2020.
  • Leonaitė E, Žalimas D, ‘The Annexation of Crimea and Attempts to Justify it in the Context of International Law’ (2016) Lith Annu Strateg Rev 14.
  • Letter dated 24 February 2015 from the Permanent Representative of Ukraine to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council. Annex I S/2015/135 <https://undocs.org/S/2015/135> accessed 20 Feb 2020.
  • Luhn A, ‘Russia to Send Humanitarian Convoy into Ukraine in Spite of Warnings’ (The Guardian 11 August 2014) <https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/11/russia-humanitarian-convoyukraine> accessed 20 Feb 2020.
  • MacFarquhar N, ‘Outrage Grows as Russia Grants Passports in Ukraine’s Breakaway Regions’ [The New York Times 25 April 2019] <https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/25/world/europe/russiacitizenship-ukraine.html> accessed 20 Feb 2020.
  • Marquardt A, James MS, ‘Ukrainian Separatists Ask to Join Russia’ (ABC News 12 May 2014) <https://abcnews.go.com/International/ukrainian-separatists-join-russia/story?id=23679656> accessed 20 Feb 2020.
  • Matisek JW, ‘Shades of Gray Deterrence: Issues of Fighting in the Gray Zone’ (2017) JSS 10(3).
  • Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America), Merits, Judgment, ICJ Reports 1986, p. 14.
  • ‘Minsk Agreements’ refers to Protocol on the outcome of consultations of the Trilateral Contact Group on joint steps aimed at the implementation of the Peace Plan of the President of Ukraine, P. Poroshenko, and the initiatives of the President of the Russian Federation, V. Putin, altogether with the Memorandum on the implementation of the provisions of the Protocol.
  • More on RBC] (RBC 30 Jan 2019) <https://www.rbc.ru/rbcfreenews/5c518ac29a-7947e38183a3d9?from=newsfeed> accessed 20 Feb 2020.
  • Nelson SS, ‘Many in Eastern Ukraine Want To Join Russia’ (NPR 24 June 2017) <https://www.npr.org/2017/06/24/534207470/many-in-eastern-ukraine-want-to-join-russia> accessed 20 Feb 2020.
  • Nottebohm Case (second phase), Judgement of April 6th, 1955, ICJ Reports 1955, p. 4.
  • ‘Peskov otvetil na frazu Poroshenko o «kholodnom mire» s Rossiyey. Podrobneye na RBK’ [Песков ответил на фразу Порошенко о «холодном мире» с Россией Подробнее на РБК - Peskov responded to Poroshenko’s phrase about the “cold world” with Russia.
  • Peters A, ‘Passportisation: Risks for International Law and Stability – Part I’ (EJIL: Talk! 9 May 2019) <https://www.ejiltalk.org/passportisation-risks-for-international-law-and-stability-part-one/> accessed 20 Feb 2020.
  • Peters A, ‘Passportisation: Risks for International Law and Stability – Part II’ (EJIL: Talk! 10 May 2019) <https://www.ejiltalk.org/passportisation-risks-for-international-law-and-stability-part-two/> accessed 20 Feb 2020.
  • Pettyjohn SL, Wasser B, Competing in the Gray Zone: Russian Tactics and Western Responses (RAND Corporation 2019) <https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR2700/RR2791/RAND_RR2791.pdf> accessed 20 Feb 2020.
  • ‘Preliminary examination’ (ICC 2014-2019) <https://www.icc-cpi.int/Ukraine> accessed 20 Feb 2020.
  • Prosecutor v. Dusko Tadić, Judgement in the Appeals Chamber, IT-94-1-A, 15 July 1999.
  • ‘Putin Orders Russia to Recognize Documents Issued in Rebel-Held East Ukraine’ (Reuters 18 Feb 2017) <https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-russia-documents/putin-orders-russia-to-recognizedocuments-issued-in-rebel-held-east-ukraineidUSKBN15X0KR> accessed 20 Feb 2020.
  • ‘Putin Says Those Aren’t Russian Forces in Crimea’ (NPR 4 March 2014), <https://www.npr.org/sections/ thetwoway/2014/03/04/285653335/putin-says-those-arent-russian-forces-in-crimea> accessed 20 Feb 2020.
  • Randelzhofer A, Dörr O, ‘Article 2(4)’ in B Simma, D-E Khan, G Nolte, A Paulus (eds), The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary (OUP 2012).
  • Reference re Secession of Quebec [1998] 2 SCR (217).
  • Roethke P, ‘The Right to Secede Under International Law: The Case of Somaliland’ (2011) Journal of International Service 20(2).
  • ‘Russia Says No Proof It Sent Troops To Ukraine’ (Newsweek 21 Jan 2015) <https://www.newsweek.com/russia-says-no-proofit-sent-troops-ukraine-300987> accessed 20 Feb 2020
  • ‘Russia’s Grey War in Ukraine Prompts Fatigue’ (EU Observer 6 Feb 2019) <https://euobserver.com/foreign/144084> accessed 20 Feb 2020.
  • ‘Russian Strategic Intentions. A Strategic Multilayer Assessment (SMA) White Paper’ (Politico, May 2019) <https://www.politico.com/f/?id=0000016b-a5a1-d241-adff-fdf908e00001> accessed 22 Feb 2020.
  • Ryan K, ‘Rights, Intervention, and Self-Determination’ (1991) Denv J Int’l L & Pol’y 20(1).
  • Sari A, Legal Resilience in an Era of Grey Zone Conflicts and Hybrid Threats (Exeter Centre for International Law 2019) 1, 13 <https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3315682>.
  • Schmitt MN, ‘Virtual Disenfranchisement: Cyber Election Meddling in the Grey Zones of International Law’ (2018) CJIL 19(1), 30–67.
  • ‘Shades of Grey. Neither War Nor Peace. The Uses of Constructive Ambiguity’ (The Economist 25 Jan 2018) <https://www.economist.com/special-report/2018/01/25/neither-war-nor-peace> accessed 20 Feb 2020.
  • Shevchenko V, ‘«Little Green Men» or «Russian Invaders»?’ (BBC News 11 March2014) <https://www.bbc.com/news/worldeurope-26532154> accessed 20 Feb 2020.
  • Tancredi A, ‘The Russian Annexation of the Crimea: Questions Relating to the Use of Force’, Questions of International Law: Zoom Out 1.
  • ‘Thousands Protest in Ukraine Against a Troop Pullback’ (France24 14 Oct 2019) <https://www.france24.com/en/20191014-thousands-protest-in-ukraine-against-a-troop-pullback> accessed 20 Feb 2020.
  • ‘U.S. Condemns Russian Intervention in Ukraine’ (Radio Free Europe 1 March 2014) <https://www.rferl.org/a/ukrainewest-concern-russian-troops/25281903.html> accessed 20 Feb 2020.
  • ‘Ukraine separatists declare independence’ (Al Jazeera 12 May 2014) <https://www.aljazeera.com/news/europe/2014/05/ukraineseparatists-declare-independence-201451219375613219.html> accessed 20 Feb 2020.
  • UN, Charter of the United Nations, 24 October 1945, 1 UNTS 16, 1.
  • UNESCO, International Meeting of Experts on Further Study of the Concept of the Rights of Peoples. Final Report and Recommendations (Paris 22 Feb 1990) SHS-89/CONF.602/7.
  • UNGA, Provisional Records, 74th year, 8516th meeting (25 April 2019) S/PV.8516.
  • UNGA, Resolution 1514 (XV) Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples of 14 December 1960 A/RES/1514.
  • UNGA, Resolution 2625 Declaration on principles of International law concerning friendly relations and co-operation among State in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations’ of 24 October 1970, A/RES/2625.
  • UNGA, Resolution 3314 (XXIX) of 14 December 1974. Definition of Aggression A/RES/3314.
  • UNSC, Provisional Records, 69th year, 7125th meeting (3 March 2014) S/PV.7125.
  • UNSC, Provisional Records, 69th year, 7144th meeting (19 March 2014) S/PV.7144.
  • UNSC, Provisional Records, 96th year, 7124th meeting (1 March 2014) S/PV.7124.
  • UNSOCOM, ‘White paper: Grey Zone’ (9 Sep 2015) 1, <https://info.publicintelligence.net/USSOCOM-GrayZones.pdf> accessed 22 Feb 2020.
  • Walker S, ‘Putin Admits Russian Military Presence in Ukraine for First Time’ (The Guardian 17 Dec 2015) <https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/17/vladimirputin-admits-russian-militarypresence-ukraine> accessed 20 Feb 2020.
  • Weller M, Escaping the Self-Determination Trap (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 2008).
  • Written Statement by the Russian Federation of 16 April 2009 <https://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/141/15628.pdf> accessed 20 Feb 2020.

Document Type

Publication order reference

Identifiers

Biblioteka Nauki
2172253

YADDA identifier

bwmeta1.element.ojs-doi-10_37232_cceel_2019_07
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.