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2023 | 41 | 1 | 401-419

Article title

Penetrating the Iron Curtain - the Rockefeller and Ford Foundations' Exchange Programs Directed to “Friendly ” Poles, 1948-1962/1968

Content

Title variants

PL
Otwieranie żelaznej kurtyny – program wymiany kulturalnej fundacji Rockefellera i Forda skierowany do „przyjaznych” Polaków, 1948–1962/1968

Languages of publication

Abstracts

PL
Celem artykułu jest analiza jednej z form międzynarodowej filantropii, świadczonej przez dwie amerykańskie fundacje prywatne: Rockefellera i Forda. Poszukiwane są odpowiedzi na pytania o wpływ programów wymiany, skierowanych do Polski we wczesnym okresie zimnej wojny, na stworzenie możliwości badawczych, służących dogonieniu osiągnięć naukowych na Zachodzie. Cezury czasowe to data pierwszej wizyty przedstawicieli Fundacji Rockefellera w Polsce i rok, w którym fundacje tymczasowo wycofały się ze wsparcia lub zawiesiły swoje rozległe programy. Krytyczna analiza dokumentów archiwalnych obu fundacji pozwala poznać okoliczności ich zaangażowania, procedury wyboru kandydatów oraz różne podejścia do sposobów osiągania wyznaczonych celów. Fundacja Rockefellera koncentrowała się na wynikach naukowych, dążyła do wzajemnej wymiany idei, do tworzenia sieci powiązań współpracujących ze sobą naukowców i intelektualistów, podczas gdy Fundacja Forda prowadziła działania z zakresu dyplomacji kulturalnej, która wywierałaby długofalowy wpływ na grupy „przyjaznych” odbiorców. W artykule przedstawiono kilka studiów przypadku polskich stypendystów, ukazując w ten sposób niedyskryminacyjne praktyki fundacji oparte na zasługach i roli, którą podopieczni mogli odegrać w rozwoju nauki, umacnianiu wolnego świata i promowaniu porozumienia międzynarodowego.
EN
The research objectives of this article are to analyse one form of international philanthropy undertaken by two American private foundations: the Rockefeller and the Ford foundations. It poses questions about the possible impact the exchange programs directed to Poland in the early Cold War period had upon the opening of research opportunities to catch up with peers in the West. The article covers the time span between the first visit of the Rockefeller Foundation representatives and the year when both temporarily withdrew or suspended their extensive programs. The method of critically analysing archival documents of both foundations made it possible to explore the circumstances of their engagement, candidate selection procedures, and the different approaches to achieving set goals. It reveals that the Rockefeller Foundation focused on scientific results, leading to the ‘cross-fertilization’ of ideas, network creation, and the opening up opportunities, while the Ford Foundation aimed at long-term cultural diplomacy, impacting upon groups of ‘friendly’ recipients. The article explores several case studies of Polish grantees, showing the foundations’ non-discriminatory practices based on merit and the role these grantees might have exercised in the development of science, strengthening the free world, and promoting international understanding.

Year

Volume

41

Issue

1

Pages

401-419

Physical description

Dates

published
2023

Contributors

  • Instytut Historyczny Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego [Institute of History, University of Szczecin]

References

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  • Expansion of American Aid to Poland rThough Polish-American Foundation, 28 April 1959, U.S. Congressional Record, 86th Congress, 1st Sess., vol. 5, part 5, 6900-6901.
  • ehT Ford Foundation, Annual Report(s) for 1951, 1958, 1963.
  • Gaither, H.R., Report of the Study for the Ford Foundation on Policy and Program, Detroit, 1, 1949.
  • Public Papers of the Presidents, Harry Truman, “Letter to the Speaker on the Need for an Expanded Truth Campaign to Combat Communism”, 13 July 1950, Public Papers of the Presidents, Harry Truman, “Address on Foreign Policy at a Luncheon of the American Society of Newspaper Editors”, 20 April 1950.
  • ehT Rockefeller Foundation, Annual Reports of 1946 to 1961.
  • Siscoe, F. G. Despatch No. 274 From the Embassy in Poland to the Department of State, Warsaw, 29 Jan. 1959, Foreign Relations of the U.S., 1958-60, Vol. X, Part 2.
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  • Berghahn, V.R., America and the Intellectual Cold Wars in Europe: Shepard Stone between Philanthropy, Academy, and Diplomacy, Princeton-Oxford, 2001.
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  • Kuisel, R., Seducing the French: eTh Dilemma of Americanization, Berkley, 1993.
  • Maier, Ch.S., “eTh Politics of Productivity: Foundations of American International Economic Policy aeftr World War II” [in] In Search of Stability: Explorations in Historical Political Economy, Charles S. Maier, ed., Cambridge, 1987.
  • Nowaczewska, R., “Fundacja Forda a problem uchodźców w Europie, 1950-56. Od wymiany akademickiej i programów pilotażowych do pomocy bezpośredniej” [in:] Czas wojny. Czas pokoju: Stany Zjednoczone Ameryki w XX i XXI wieku. vol. II, Ł. Niewiński, ed., Białystok, 2015.
  • Nowaczewska, R., ““Winning the Hearts and Minds”: eTh Intellectual Cold War and the Rockefeller and Ford Foundations' Exchange Programs in Eastern Europe”, Res Gestae 2023, vol. 15, pp. 165-81, https://doi.org/10.24917/24504475.15.12.
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Document Type

Publication order reference

Identifiers

Biblioteka Nauki
2230845

YADDA identifier

bwmeta1.element.ojs-doi-10_48261_pis234119
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