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2021 | 1 | 47-84

Article title

Donald Trump and America Divided against Itself

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Content

Title variants

PL
Donald Trump i Ameryka podzielona przeciw samej sobie

Languages of publication

Abstracts

PL
Donald Trump został prezydentem USA, gdyż zdołał dostrzec głęboki podział społeczeństwa amerykańskiego: na 80% ludności obejmujące klasę niższą i średnią oraz przypominającą kastę elitę oligarchiczną, na którą składa się 1% najbogatszych oraz 19% ludności zaliczanej do wyższej klasy średniej. Te 20% swą uprzywilejowaną pozycję społeczną uzasadnia, odwołując się do merytokracji, ideologii liberalizmu tożsamościowego oraz globalizmu, delegitymizując sprzeciw jako przejaw ignorancji, patologicznej agresji lub nieprzystosowania społecznego (“pożałowania godni” – Hillary Clinton). Trump zwrócił się do pozostałych 80% społeczeństwa, rozgniewanego nie tylko skutkami wdrażanej przez liberalne elity – jako jedyna możliwa i racjonalna polityka gospodarcza – globalizacji, lecz również pogardzanego przez liberalną wyższą klasę średnią i zmuszanego przez elity polityczne do poddania się dyktatowi ideologii liberalizmu emancypacyjnego, prowadzącego do rozbicia więzi społecznych i rodzinnych oraz zniszczenia autorytetów. Trump zyskał poparcie rozgniewanych wyborców, gdyż poruszył tematy, które były bardzo bliskie znacznej części elektoratu, jednak nie były obecne w dominującym dyskursie elit politycznych – ani Partii Demokratycznej, ani republikanów. Na tym polegał jego “populizm”, będący w rzeczywistości demokratycznym i konserwatywnym patriotyzmem. Wywołało to gwałtowny sprzeciw, zarówno ze strony lewicy liberalnej, części administracji federalnej (deep state) i cancel culture, jak i ze strony części republikanów – zdeklarowanych przeciwników kandydatury Donalda Trumpa na prezydenta. Jednakże “ruch oporu”, który uaktywnił się po wygranej wyborczej Trumpa, był w stanie odwołać się jedynie do argumentów ideologicznych, w tym postrzegania dorobku cywilizacyjnego Ameryki i Zachodu jako struktury opresji, którą Trump chce odnawiać i wzmacniać. Zrodziła się tym samym narracja prezentująca Trumpa jako uzurpatora w sensie metafizycznym, wroga jedynie legitymowanego porządku moralnego i społecznego, tj. porządku liberalizmu tożsamościowego i emancypacji. Naruszenie tego porządku ma doprowadzić do eskalacji nienawiści i motywowanej rasizmem, ksenofobią i fanatyzmem religijnym przemocy, czyli “populizmu” w negatywnym sensie. Narracja taka, odwołująca się do teorii “końca historii” Francisa Fukuyamy nie znalazła jednak potwierdzenia ani w polityce, ani w prawodawstwie czasów administracji Trumpa, wskazując na niedostatki w lewicowo-liberalnym pojmowaniu tzw. populizmu.
EN
Donald Trump became the president of the United States because he was able to see the deep division of the American society into 80% of the population comprising the lower and middle classes and the caste-like oligarchic elite, which is made up of the richest 1% and 19% of the upper-middle class population. These 20% justifies its privileged social position by referring to meritocracy, the ideology of identity liberalism and to globalism, delegitimizing any opposition as a manifestation of ignorance, pathological aggression or social maladjustment (“the deplorables” of Hillary Clinton). Trump turned to the remaining 80% of society, angered not only by the effects of globalization implemented by the liberal elites as the only possible and rational economic policy, but also despised by the liberal upper middle class and forced by political elites to submit to the dictates of the ideology of emancipatory liberalism of personal autocreation, leading to the breakdown of social and family ties and the destruction of authorities. Trump won the support of angry voters because he raised issues that were very close to much of the electorate but were absent from the dominant discourse of political elites, both in the Democratic Party and the Republicans. This was his “populism”, which was in fact democratic and conservative patriotism or mild nationalism. Nevertheless, this provoked vehement opposition from both the liberal left, part of the federal administration (“deep state”) and cancel culture, and from some republicans (“Never Trumpers”). However, the “resistance movement” that emerged after Trump’s election was able to appeal only to ideological arguments, including the perception of America’s and the West’s civilizational heritage as a structure of immanent oppression that Trump wants to renew and strengthen. Thus, a narrative was born presenting Trump as a usurper in a metaphysical sense, an enemy of the only legitimate moral and social order, i.e., the order of identity liberalism with its axioms of emancipation and moral autocreation of individuals. The violation of this quasi-religious order is to cause an escalation of violence and oppression motivated by hatred, racism, xenophobia and religious fanaticism. Such a narrative, referring to the theory of the “end of history” by Francis Fukuyama, was not confirmed either in the politics or in the legislation of the Trump administration, demonstrating flaws in the liberal-left understanding of the so called “populism”.

Year

Issue

1

Pages

47-84

Physical description

Dates

published
2021

Contributors

author
  • Jagiellonian University in Kraków

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Document Type

Publication order reference

Identifiers

Biblioteka Nauki
2029635

YADDA identifier

bwmeta1.element.ojs-doi-10_48269_2451-0610-ksm-2021-1-001
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