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2024 | 69 | 1 (414) | 64-87

Article title

Zarzut bezprawności jako środek ochrony prawnej - kontrola legalności aktów prawa UE

Content

Title variants

EN
The Plea of Illegality as a Legal Remedy – Review of the Legality of EU Acts

Languages of publication

Abstracts

EN
The remedy referred to in Article 277 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union has not been extensively elucidated in Polish nor in foreign legal writings, remaining rather off the mainstream of academic discourse. This seems mainly due to the fact that it is an ancillary (incidental) remedy, and in order to successfully benefit from it, a series of formal and legal requirements should be met, which mostly do not originate directly from the Treaty provisions, but have been developed by the Court of Justice of the European Union. The remedy, if it were formulated in a transparent and explicit manner in Article 277 TFEU, could play a key role as a model review for any type of implementing measures (i.e. for both individual decisions and acts based on legislative acts) which determine the legal position of private persons and entities. The inherent consequence of drafting the legislation in a general and abstract manner is that legal defects in legal provisions do not normally manifest themselves until after they have been applied in practice. The unclear legal structure of this measure determines its use in formulating an alternative plea in the form of an additional request in the pleadings, forming the basis of an action for annulment against an act of EU law (lodged on the basis of Article 263 TFEU). However, there are some grounds for the exception stipulated in Article 277 TFEU to be applied in all kinds of proceedings, therefore its limitation to the actions for annulment alone would run counter to the objective of that provision. This remedy also plays its specific role in employment cases involving elements of compensation as well as in intellectual property cases, but its use in actions for damages cannot be ruled out. In this regard the plea is being described as an indirect remedy. Indeed, from the beginning of its activity, the Court has held that a plea of illegality cannot be the basis of a new form of an autonomous action (does not constitute an independent right of action ) or an obligation for the national court to refer a question for a preliminary ruling.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia przesłanki i zasady wypracowane w orzecznictwie Trybunału Sprawiedliwości UE (dalej TSUE lub Trybunał) podnoszenia zarzutu określonego w art. 277 Traktatu o funkcjonowaniu Unii Europejskiej (dalej TFUE lub Traktat) w celu przeprowadzenia kontroli zgodności z prawem aktów prawa unijnego. W literaturze powszechnie określa się go jako zarzut bezprawności. Pozwala na kwestionowanie aktu o zasięgu ogólnym, stanowiącego podstawę wydania aktu indywidualnego. Kontrola może być dokonywana po upływie (dwumiesięcznego) terminu przewidzianego w art. 263 TFUE na stwierdzenie nieważności aktów prawa unijnego, również przez podmioty indywidualne, które nie spełniają przesłanek tzw. testu Plaumanna. Zasada ta podlega jednak licznym ograniczeniom, zwłaszcza wobec wypracowanej w orzecznictwie zasady, zgodnie z którą dopuszczalność zarzutu bezprawności zależy od uprzedniego złożenia skargi o stwierdzenie nieważności. W artykule podjęto też kwestię dopuszczalności podnoszenia zarzutu bezprawności przez państwa członkowskie i instytucje unijne (tzw. skarżących uprzywilejowanych).

Year

Volume

69

Issue

Pages

64-87

Physical description

Dates

published
2024

Contributors

  • Uniwersytet Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego w Warszawie

References

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  • Bast J.: Legal Instruments and Judicial Protection [w:] A. von Bogdandy, J. Bast (red.), Principles of European Constitutional Law, Oxford/Munchen/Portland 2011.
  • Bebr G.: Development of Judicial Control of the European Communities, The Hague/Boston/ London 1981.
  • Gaitanides Ch.: Artikel 277 [w:] H. von der Groeben, J. Schwaze, A. Hatje (red.), Europaisches Unionsrecht. EUV.AEUV.GRC. Kommentar, vol. 4, Baden-Baden 2015.
  • Hinarejos A.: Judicial Review [w:] R. Schutze, T. Tridimas (red.), Oxford principles of EU Law. The EU Legal Order, vol. I, Oxford 2018.
  • Karayigit M.T.: The Plea of Illegality as a Pillar of the Incidental Review, „European Public Law” nr 4/2019.
  • Lasok K. P. E.: Lasok’s European Court Practice and Procedure, Bloomsbury Publishing 2022.
  • Lauwaars R.H.: Lawfulness and Legal Force of Community Decisions, Leiden 1973.
  • Lenaerts K., Maselis I., Gutman K., Nowak J.T. (red.), EU Procedural Law, Oxford 2014.
  • Luszcz V.: Plea of Illegality [w:] V. Luszcz (red.), European Court Procedure. A Practical Guide, Hart Publishing 2020.
  • Martinez Capdevila C.: The Action for Annulment, the Preliminary Reference on Validity and the Plea of Illegality: Complementary or Alternative Means?, „Yearbook Of European Law”, vol. 25, 2006.
  • Prete L., Smulders B.: The Coming of Age of Infringement Proceedings, „Common Market Law Review”, nr 1/2010.
  • Scheuring K.: Art. 277 [w:] D. Kornobis-Romanowska, J. Łacny (red.), Traktat o funkcjonowaniu Unii Europejskiej. Komentarz, t.3, Warszawa 2012.
  • Sinaniotis D.: The Plea of Illegality in EC Law, „European Publi Law” nr 1/2001.
  • Sirinellis J., Bertrand B.: Droit du contientieux de l’Union Européenne, Paris 2022.
  • Suhr O., Cremer W.: Artikel 277, [w:] Ch. Calliess, M. Ruffert (eds.), EUV.AEUV. Kommentar, Munchen 2011.
  • Vogt M.: Indirect judicial protection in EC law – the case of the plea of illegality, „European Law Review”, nr 3/2006.
  • Ward A.: Judicial Review and the Rights of Private Parties in EU Law, Oxford 2007.
  • Wyrozumska A. (red.), System ochrony prawnej Unii Europejskiej, Warszawa 2010.

Document Type

Publication order reference

Identifiers

Biblioteka Nauki
31343657

YADDA identifier

bwmeta1.element.ojs-doi-10_53122_ISSN_0452-5027_2024_1_04
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