Tocharian A ārkiśoṣi ‘world with radiance’ and Chinese suo po shi jie ‘world of sabhā’

• Authors: Tao Pan

Abstracts

EN

This article provides an explanation for the single and puzzling Tocharian B gloss śaiṣṣe ‘world’ (instead of Tocharian A ārkiśoṣi) for Sanskrit jagat- ‘world’ on a Sanskrit fragment SHT 4438 with all the other glosses in Tocharian A. Based on a detailed study of the Sanskrit and Chinese texts, Tocharian A ārkiśoṣi is very likely the loan translation of Sanskrit sā̆bhāloka(dhātu)- ‘a world with radiance’, which is preserved in the Chinese translations by Kumārajīva and other translators connected with Kucha. In the Kucha area, the first part sā̆bhā- was understood as containing -(ā)bhā- ‘radiance’. Buddhist Sanskrit sa(b)hāloka(dhātu)- is built from sa(b)hāpati- ‘master of sa(b)hā world’, epithet of the highest divinity Brahmā in the sahāloka-, which derives via Middle Indic from the older epithet sabhāpati- ‘owner of the assembly hall’ in Atharvaveda. The excursus at the end offers a glimpse into the complicated transmission process of Chinese Buddhist terminology based on the analysis of Chinese sha men ‘monk’ and he shang ‘teacher, monk’.

Keywords

EN

Tocharian; Sanskrit; Chinese; world; ārkiśoṣi

• Publisher: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Kultur Śródziemnomorskich i Orientalnych PAN
• Journal: Acta Asiatica Varsoviensia
• Year: 2021
• Issue: 34
• Pages: 263-294

Dates

published

2021

Contributors

author

Tao Pan

References

• Aufrecht, Theodor 1877. Die Hymnen des Ṛigveda. 2nd ed. Bonn: Adolph Marcus.
• Bagchi, Sitansusekhar 1967. Mulasarvāstivādavinayavastu. Darbhanga: Mithilāvidyāpīṭhapradhānena prakāśitam.
• Bernhard, Franz 1965. Udānavarga. Band I: Einleitung, Beschreibung der Handschriften, Textausgabe, Bibliographie. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
• Karashima, Seishi 辛嶋 静志 2001. A Glossary of Kumārajīva’s Translation of the Lotus Sutra. Tokyo: International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology.
• Boucher, Daniel 1998. ‘Gāndhārī and the Early Chinese Buddhist Translations Reconsidered’. Journal of the American Oriental Society 118(4): 471–506.
• Boucher, Daniel 2000. ‘On Hu and Fan Again: the Transmission of “Barbarian” Manuscripts to China’. Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 23(1): 7–28.
• Brough, John 1962. The Gāndhārī Dharmapada. London: Oxford University Press.
• Buswell, Robert E. and Donald S. Lopez 2014. The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• Carling, Gerd 2009. A Dictionary and Thesaurus of Tocharian A. Volume 1: A–J. In Collaboration with Georges-Jean Pinault and Werner Winter. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
• Cone, Margaret 2010. A dictionary of Pāli. Part 2: g–n. Bristol: Pali Text Society.
• Couvreur, Walter 1964. ‘Nieuwe Koetsjische fragmenten van het Araṇemijātaka’. Orientalia Gandensia 1: 237–249 [+ plates I–VII ].
• Cowell, Edward and Robert Neil 1886. The Divyāvadāna: a collection of early Buddhist legends. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Davids, T. W. Rhys and J. Estlin Carpenter 1903. The Dīgha Nikāya. Vol. II. London: Pali Text Society.
• Edgerton, Franklin 1953. Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Grammar and Dictionary. New Haven: Yale University Press.
• Geng, Shimin 耿世民, Hans-Joachim Klimkeit and Jens Peter Laut 1988. ‘Das Erscheinen des Bodhisattva. Das 11. Kapitel der Hami-Handschrift der Maitrisimit’. Altorientalische Forschungen 15(2): 315–366.
• Gnoli, Raniero 1977–1978. The Gilgit manuscript of the Saṅghabhedavastu: being the 17th and last section of the Vinaya of the Mūlasarvāstivādin. 2 vols. Roma: Istituto Italiano per il Medio et Estremo Oriente.
• Gotō, Toshifumi 後藤 敏文 2013. Old Indo-Aryan morphology and its Indo-Iranian background, in co-operation with Jared S. Klein and Velizar Sadovski. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
• Hackstein, Olav 2012. ‘Collective and Feminine in Tocharian’. [In:] Hackstein, Olav and Ronald I. Kim, eds, Multilingualism and History of Knowledge. Wien: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, pp. 143–177.
• Hackstein, Olav 2017. ‘The phonology of Tocharian’. [In:] Klein, Jared S. et al., eds, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics. Vol 2. Berlin: de Gruyter Mouton, pp. 1304–1335.
• Hackstein, Olav, Hiromi Habata and Christoph Bross 2019. Tocharische Texte zur Buddhalegende. Dettelbach: Röll Verlag.
• Hartmann, Jens-Uwe 1987. Das Varṇārhavarṇastotra des Mātṛceṭa. Sanskrittexte aus den Turfanfunden, Band 12. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
• He, Shuqun 何書群 [Radich, Michael] 2019. ‘Zhu Fahu shi fou xiuding guo T474?’ 竺法護是否修訂過 T474? Foguang xuebao 佛光學報 New Series 5(2): 15–38.
• Hilmarsson, Jörundur 1996. Materials for a Tocharian historical and etymological dictionary. Reykjavík: Málvísindastofnun Háskóla Íslands.
• Hinüber, Oskar von 2001. Das ältere Mittelindisch im Überblick. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
• Hinüber, Oskar von and K. R. Norman 1995. Dhammapada. Oxford: Pali Text Society.
• Hoffmann, Karl and Bernhard Forssman 2004. Avestische Laut- und Flexionslehre. Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen.
• Hokazono, Koichi 外薗 幸一 1994. Raritavisutara no kenkyu ラリタヴィスタラの 研究. Tokyo: Daito Shuppansha.
• Ishihama, Yumiko 石濱 裕美子 and Yoichi Fukuda 福田 洋一 1989. A New Critical Edition of the Mahāvyutpatti. Sanskrit-Tibetan-Mongolian Dictionary of Buddhist Terminology. Tokyo: Toyo Bunko.
• Ji, Xianlin 季羡林, Werner Winter and Georges-Jean Pinault 1998. Fragments of the Tocharian A Maitreyasamiti-Nāṭaka of the Xinjiang Museum, China. Berlin/New York: de Gruyter.
• Johnston, Edward H. 1928. The Saundarananda of Aśvaghoṣa. London, Oxford University Press.
• de Jong, J. W. 1981. ‘Fa-hsien and Buddhist Texts in Ceylon’. Journal of the Pali Text Society 9: 105–16.
• Krause, Wolfgang and Werner Thomas 1960. Tocharisches Elementarbuch. Band I Grammatik. Heidelberg: Winter.
• Lin, Meicun 林梅村 1995. Civilization in the Western Region 西域文明. Peking: Dongfang Chubanshe.
• Lloyd, Albert L., Rosemarie Lühr et al. 1988–2021. Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Althochdeutschen. 7 vols. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
• Lopez, Carlos Alfredo 2000. The Paippalāda Saṃhitā of the Atharvaveda: A Critical Edition, Translation, and Study of Books 13 and 14. Dissertation Harvard University.
• Lühr, Rosemarie, ed. 2008. Nominale Wortbildung des Indogermanischen in Grundzügen. Die Wortbildungsmuster ausgewählter indogermanischer Einzelsprachen. Band 2: Hethitisch, Altindisch, Altarmenisch. Bearbeitet von Joachim Matzinger. Hamburg: Kovač.
• Malalasekera, G. P. 1937–1938. Dictionary of Pāli proper names. 2 vols. London: Murray.
• Malzahn, Melanie 2007a. ‘A preliminary survey of the Tocharian glosses in the Berlin Turfan Collection’. [In:] Malzahn, Melanie, ed., Instrumenta Tocharica. Heidelberg: Winter, pp. 301–319.
• Malzahn, Melanie 2007b. ‘The most archaic manuscripts of Tocharian B and the varieties of the Tocharian B language’. [In:] Malzahn, Melanie, ed., Instrumenta Tocharica. Heidelberg: Winter, pp. 255–297.
• Matsunami, Seiren 松濤 誠廉 1981. Asvaghosa’s Saundarananda, a Japanese Translation from the Original Sanskrit 馬鳴 端正なる難陀. Tokyo: Sankibō Busshorin.
• Mayrhofer, Manfred 1956–1980. Kurzgefaßtes etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen. 4 vols. Heidelberg: Winter.
• Mayrhofer, Manfred 1986–2001. Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen. 3 vols. Heidelberg: Winter.
• Melchert, Craig 2000. ‘Tocharian Plurals in -nt- and Related Phenomena’. Tocharian and Indo-European Studies 9: 53–75.
• Mitra, Rājendralāla, ed. 1877. The Lalita Vistara or memoirs of the early life of S’a’kya Siñha. Calcutta: Lewis.
• Neri, Sergio and Sabine Ziegler 2012. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Dialekte. Private digital version.
• Nobel, Johannes 1937. Suvarṇabhāsottamasūtra: das Goldglanz-Sūtra; ein Sanskrittext des Mahāyāna-Buddhismus. Leipzig: Harrassowitz.
• Ogihara, Hirotoshi 荻原 裕敏 2009. Researches about Vinaya-texts in Tocharian A and B. PhD dissertation, École Pratique des Hautes Études.
• Ogihara, Hirotoshi 荻原 裕敏 2014. ‘Fragments of secular documents in Tocharian A’. Tocharian and Indo-European Studies 15: 103–129.
• Pan, Tao 潘涛 2021. ‘A New Look at the Skt.-Toch. Bilingual MahāparinirvāṇasūtraFragment THT 542’. Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft 73(2): 117–146.
• Pedersen, Holger 1941. Tocharisch vom Gesichtspunkt der indoeuropäischen Sprachvergleichung. København: Ejnar Munksgaard.
• Peyrot, Michaël 2014. ‘Notes on Tocharian glosses and colophons in Sanskrit manuscripts I’. Tocharian and Indo-European Studies 15: 131–179.
• Peyrot, Michaël 2015. ‘Notes on Tocharian glosses and colophons in Sanskrit manuscripts II’. Tocharian and Indo-European Studies 16: 107–130.
• Pfeifer, Wolfgang 1993. Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Deutschen. 2 vols. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.
• Pinault, Georges-Jean 2008. Chrestomathie tokharienne. Textes et Grammaire. Leuven/Paris: Peeters.
• Poucha, Pavel 1955. Thesaurus Linguae Tocharicae Dialecti A. Praha: Státní Pedagogické Nakladatelství.
• Ringe, Donald 1996. On the Chronology of Sound Changes in Tocharian. New Haven: American Oriental Society.
• Sâstrî, T. Gaṇapati 1920. The Aryamanjusrîmûlakalpa 1. Trivandrum: Government Press.
• Śāstrī, Haraprasāda 1910. Saundaranandaṃ Kāvyaṃ. Bibliotheca Indica; A Collection of Oriental Works. New Series 1251. Calcutta: Asiatic Society.
• Schlingloff, Dieter 1963. ‘Zum Mahāgovindasūtra’. Mitteilungen des Instituts für Orientforschung 8: 31–50.
• Schmidt, Klaus T. 1974. Die Gebrauchsweisen des Mediums im Tocharischen. Dissertation. Universität Göttingen.
• Schmidt, Klaus T. 1987. ‘Zu einer metrischen Übersetzung von Mātṛceṭas Buddhastotra Varṇārhavarṇa in tocharischer Sprache’. Tocharian and Indo-European Studies 1: 152–168.
• Schmidt, Klaus T. 2001a. ‘Die westtocharische Version des Araṇemi-Jātakas in deutscher Übersetzung’. [In:] Bazin, Louis and Peter Zieme, eds, De Dunhuang à Istanbul. Hommage à James Russell Hamilton. Turnhout: Brepols, pp. 299–327.
• Schmidt, Klaus T. 2001b. ‘Entzifferung verschollener Schriften und Sprachen. Dargestellt am Beispiel der Kučā-Kharoṣṭhī Typ B und des Kučā-Prākrits’. Göttinger Beiträge zur Asienforschung 1: 7–27.
• Schmidt, Klaus T. 2018. K. T. Schmidt: Nachgelassene Schriften. Zimmer, Stefan, ed. Bremen: Hempen Verlag.
• Schwyzer, Eduard 1939. Griechische Grammatik 1: Allgemeiner Teil, Lautlehre, Wortbildung, Flexion. München: Beck.
• Senart, Émile, ed. 1882–1897. Le Mahâvastu. 3 vols. Paris: Imprimerie nationale.
• Shastree, K. K. 1997. The Bhāgavata. Vol. IV [Skandha X]. Ahmadabad: B. J. Institute of Learning and Research.
• Shastree, K. K. et al. 1998. The Bhāgavata. Vol. III [Skandha VII to IX]. Ahmadabad: B.J. Institute of Learning and Research.
• Sieg, Emil and Wilhelm Siegling 1921. Tocharische Sprachreste. I. Band. Die Texte. A. Transcription. Berlin & Leipzig: de Gruyter.
• Sieg, Emil and Wilhelm Siegling 1949. Tocharische Sprachreste. Sprache B. Heft 1. Die Udānālaṅkāra-Fragmente. Text, Übersetzung und Glossar. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
• Sieg, Emil and Wilhelm Siegling 1953. Tocharische Sprachreste. Sprache B. Heft 2. Fragmente Nr. 71–633, aus dem Nachlass hg. v. Werner Thomas. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
• Sieg, Emil, Wilhelm Siegling and Wilhelm Schulze 1931. Tocharische Grammatik. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
• Skjærvø, Prods O. 2004. The most excellent shine of gold, king of kings of Sutras. 1: The Khotanese text with english translation and the complete sanskrit text. Vol. 2: Manuscripts, commentary, glossary, indexes. Cambridge: Harvard University.
• Speyer, Jacob, ed. 1906–1909. Avadānaçataka. 2 Volumes. St.-Petersbourg: Acad. Impériale des Sciences.
• Takahashi, Hisao 高橋 尚夫, Takashi Maeda 前田 崇 et al., eds 2004. Vimalakīrtinirdeśa. Transliterated Sanskrit Text Collated with Tibetan and Chinese Translations. Tokyo: Taisho University Press.
• Thomas, Werner and Wolfgang Krause 1964. Tocharisches Elementarbuch. Band II: Texte und Glossar. Heidelberg: Winter.
• Tremblay, Xavier 2001. Pour une histoire de la Sérinde: le manichéisme parmi les peuples et religions d’Asie Centrale d’après les sources primaires. Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
• Tremblay, Xavier 2005. ‘Irano-Tocharica et Tocharo-Iranica’. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 68: 421–449.
• Vaidya, P. Lakṣmaṇa, ed. 1958. Avadāna-Śataka. Darbhanga: Mithila Institute.
• Vaidya, P. Lakṣmaṇa, ed. 1960a. Aṣṭasāhasrikā prajñāpāramitā. Darbhanga: Mithila Institute.
• Vaidya, P. Lakṣmaṇa, ed. 1960b. Gaṇḍavyūhasūtra. Buddhist Sanskrit Texts 5. Darbhanga: Mithila Institute.
• Vaidya P. Lakṣmaṇa, ed. 1961. Mahāyāna-Sūtra-Saṁgraha 1. Darbhanga: Mithila Institute.
• Wackernagel, Jacob 1905. Altindische Grammatik. Band II, 1: Einleitung zur Wortlehre. Nominalkomposition. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
• Wackernagel, Jacob and Albert Debrunner 1954. Altindische Grammatik. Band II,2: Die Nominalsuffixe. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
• Waldschmidt, Ernst 1950–1951. Das Mahāparinirvāṇasūtra: Text in Sanskrit und Tibetisch, verglichen mit dem Pāli; nebst einer Übersetzung der chinesischen Entsprechung im Vinaya der Mūlasarvāstivādins. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.
• Waldschmidt, Ernst 1952–1962. Das Catuṣpariṣatsūtra. 3 Bände. Berlin: AkademieVerlag.
• Waldschmidt, Ernst, Heinz Bechert et. al. 1994–2018. Sanskrit-Wörterbuch der buddhistischen Texte aus den Turfan-Funden. 4 vols. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
• Walshe, Maurice 1995. The Long Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Digha Nikaya. Boston: Wisdom Publications
• Weiss, Michael L. 2020. Outline of the historical and comparative grammar of Latin. 2nd ed. Ann Arbor: Beech Stave.
• Winter, Werner 1961. ‘Lexical Interchange between “Tocharian” A and B’. Journal of the American Oriental Society 81(3): 271–280.
• Winter, Werner 1965. ‘Zur Vorgeschichte einiger Verbformen in Tocharisch A’. Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Sprachforschung 79: 203–210.
• Witzel, Michael, ed. 2018. The Two Oldest Veda Manuscripts. Facsimile Edition of Vājasaneyi Saṃhitā 1–20 (Saṃhitā- and Padapāṭha) from Nepal and Western Tibet (c. 1150 CE). Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
• Wodtko, Dagmar S., Britta Irslinger and Carolin Schneider 2008. Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon. Heidelberg: Winter.
• Wogihara, Unrai 荻原 雲来, ed. 1971. Sphuṭârthā Abhidharmakośavyākhyā by Yaśomitra. 2 vols. Tokyo: Sankibo Buddhist Book Store.
• Wogihara, Unrai 荻原 雲来 1986. Sanskrit-Japanese Dictionary 漢訳対照梵和大辞 典. Tokyo: Kōdansha.
• Wogihara, U. 荻原 雲来 and C. Tsuchida 土田 勝弥, eds and trans. 1934. Saddharmapuṇḍarīka-Sūtram. Tokyo: Seigo Kenkyūkai.
• Yamada, Isshi 山田 一止 1968, ed. Karuṇāpuṇḍarīka: the White Lotus of Compassion. London: School of Oriental and African Studies.

Identifiers

Biblioteka Nauki

2035886