The Twilight Language of Siddhas and Sanskrit Figures of Speech in Viśākha Ṣaṣṭi

• Authors: Hanna Urbańska

Abstracts

EN

The paper is an attempt to analyse the Viśākhaṣaṣṭi – the collection of sixty stanzas praising Lord Murukan of Paḻani temple composed by Nārāyaṇa Guru – the mystic, philosopher and social reformer from Kerala. Several stanzas of this mysterious hymn (22, 37, 39, 52, 55) have been selected as representative of Guru’s style of writing characteristic of compositions devoted to Subrahmaṇyan. Nārāyaṇan introduces to his works the twilight language of Siddhas supported with a variety of figures of speech borrowed from Sanskrit kāvya literature. An elaborate and highly sophisticated mixture of these two literary and philosophical traditions became the means by which Guru releases the liberating power of each independent literary construction.

Keywords

EN

twilight language of Siddhas; Nārāyaṇa Guru; Murukan of the Paḻani; alaṁkāras

• Publisher: Instytut Kultur Śródziemnomorskich i Orientalnych PAN
• Journal: Acta Asiatica Varsoviensia
• Year: 2021
• Issue: 34
• Pages: 329-355

Dates

published

2021

Contributors

author

Hanna Urbańska

• https://orcid.org/0000000248082151

References

• Arumugam, K. R. 2006a. ‘The Philosophy of Tirumandiram’. [In:] Ganapathy, T. N., K. R. Arumugam and G. Anand, eds, The Yoga of Siddha Tirumular. Essays on the Tirumandiram. Quebec: Babaji’s Kriya Yoga and Publications, pp. 45–100.
• Arumugam, K. R. 2006b. ‘Śaivism as Conceived in the Tirumandiram’. [In:] Ganapathy, T. N., K. R. Arumugam and G. Anand, eds, The Yoga of Siddha Tirumular. Essays on the Tirumandiram. Quebec: Babaji’s Kriya Yoga and Publications, pp. 101–153.
• Arumugam, K. R. 2010. ‘The Tirumandiram. Volume Five – Tandiram Five. Translation and Commentary’. [In:] Ganapathy, T. N., ed., The Tirumandiram. Translation and Commentary. Quebec: Babaji’s Kriya Yoga and Publications, pp. 1521–1710.
• Avalon, Arthur [John Woodroffe] 1950. The Serpent Power being the Shat-ChakraNirūpana and Pādukā-Panchakā. Madras: Ganesh and Co. (Madras) Ltd.
• Balachandran, Mangad 2015. Sree Narayana Guru – A Comprehensive Study. Varkala: Sivagiri Madam Publications.
• BālacubramaṆiyaṈ, T. 2017. Tirumantiram by Tirumūlar. Chennai: Gangai Puttaka Nilaiyam.
• Bhāskaran, T. 2015. Śrīnārāyaṇaguruvinṟe Sampūrṇakṛtikaḷ. Kozhikode: Matrhrubhumi Books.
• DakṢiṆāmūrtti, M. 2002. Malayalam-English Dictionary. Changanacherry: Surabhi Publications.
• Emeneau, M. B, and T. Burrow 1961. A Dravidian Etymological Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
• Ganapathy, T. N. 2006a. ‘Appendix G. The Twilight Terms that Occur in the Tirumandiram’. [In:] Ganapathy, T. N., K. R. Arumugam and G. Anand, eds, The Yoga of Siddha Tirumular. Essays on the Tirumandiram. Quebec: Babaji’s Kriya Yoga and Publications, pp. 551–555.
• Ganapathy, T. N. 2006b. ‘The Mysticism of Tirumandiram’. [In:] Ganapathy, T. N., K. R. Arumugam and G. Anand, eds, The Yoga of Siddha Tirumular. Essays on the Tirumandiram. Quebec: Babaji’s Kriya Yoga and Publications, pp. 243–292.
• Ganapathy, T. N. 2006c. ‘The Twilight Language of the Tirumandiram’. [In:] Ganapathy, T. N., K. R. Arumugam and G. Anand, eds, The Yoga of Siddha Tirumular. Essays on the Tirumandiram. Quebec: Babaji’s Kriya Yoga and Publications, pp. 293–338.
• Ganapathy, T. N. 2006d. ‘The Yoga of Tirumandiram’. [In:] Ganapathy, T. N., K. R. Arumugam and G. Anand, eds, The Yoga of Siddha Tirumular. Essays on the Tirumandiram. Quebec: Babaji’s Kriya Yoga and Publications, pp. 155–241.
• Ganapathy, T. N. 2010a. ‘Publishers Foreword, General Preface, Contributors & Tandiram One’. [In:] Ganapathy, T. N., ed., The Tirumandiram. Translation and Commentary. Quebec: Babaji’s Kriya Yoga and Publications, pp. XX–LXXIX.
• Ganapathy, T. N. 2010b. ‘The Tirumandiram. Volume Six – Tandiram Six. Translation and Commentary’. [In:] Ganapathy, T. N., ed., The Tirumandiram. Translation and Commentary. Quebec: Babaji’s Kriya Yoga and Publications, pp. 1715–1851.
• Ganapathy, T. N. 2010c. ‘The Tirumandiram. Volume Nine – Tandiram Nine. Translation and Commentary’. [In:] Ganapathy, T. N., ed., The Tirumandiram. Translation and Commentary. Quebec: Babaji’s Kriya Yoga and Publications, pp. 2977–3450.
• Gerow, Edwin 1971. A Glossary of Indian Figures of Speech. The Hague, Paris: Mouton & Co. N.V., Publishers.
• Jayakumar, Vijayalayam 1999. Sree Narayana Guru. A Critical Study. New Delhi: D. K. Printworld (P) Ltd.
• Jhā, Gaṅgānātha 1967. Kāvyaprakāśa of Mammaṭa. Delhi: Bharatiya Vidya Prakashan.
• Kandaswamy, S. N. 2010. ‘The Tirumandiram. Volume Eight – Tandiram Eight. Translation and Commentary’. [In:] Ganapathy, T. N., ed., The Tirumandiram. Translation and Commentary. Quebec: Babaji’s Kriya Yoga and Publications, pp. 2327–2966.
• Krishnan, Asokan Vengassery 2018. Sree Narayana Guru: The Perfect Union of Buddha and Śankara. A Comprehensive Biography. New Delhi: Konark Publishers Pvt Limited.
• Kumaran, Murkkoth 2014. The Biography of Sree Narayana Guru. Transl. by S. B. Sivadas, P. P. Rao. Varkala: Sivagiri Madam Publications.
• Madhavānanda, Swamy 1944. Vivekacūḍamaṇi of Śrī Śankarācārya. Almora, Himalayas: Advaita Aśrama, Mayavati.
• Monier-Williams, Monier 2011. A Sanskrit-English Dictionary. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. Reprint of the 1899 edition.
• Müller, Friedrich Max, ed. 1965. The Hymns of the Rig-Veda in the Samhita and Pada Texts. Vol. 1. London: Trübner and Co. Reprint of the 1877 edition.
• Nandkumar, Prema 2004. ‘Gōrakkar. Kaṟpa Cūstiram – 31 (Aphorisms on Medicine)’. [In:] Ganapathy, T. N., ed., The Yoga of the 18 Siddhas. An Anthology. Quebec: Babaji’s Kriya Yoga and Publications, pp. 195–216.
• Nataraja, Guru 2003. The Word of the Guru. The life and Teachings of Guru Nārāyaṇa. Varkala: Narayana Gurukula.
• Natarajan, B., ed. 2018. Tirumantiram. A Tamil Scriptural Classic by Tirumular. Madras: Sri Ramakrishna Math.
• Nāyar, Bālakṛṣṇan 2010. Śrīnārāyaṇa Gurudēvakṛtikaḷ. Sampūrṇa Vyākhyānam. Vol. 1. Thiruvananthapuram: The State Institute of Languages.
• Nāyar, C. K. G. 2007. Tirumūlanāyanār Tirumantram. Kottayam: D C Books.
• Nāyar, C. K. G. 2019. Tirumantram (Mahābhāṣyam). Thiruvanthapuram: The State Institute of Languages.
• PadmanābhapiḶḶa, S. G. 2016. Śabdatārāvali. Kottayam: Sahithya Pravarthaka C.S. Ltd.
• Prasād, Muni Nārāyaṇa 2001. Nārāyaṇa Guru. Sadāśivadarśanam. Arddhanārīśvarastavam. Varkala: Narayana Gurukula.
• Prasād, Muni Nārāyaṇa 2002. Nārāyaṇa Guru. Svānubhava Gīti. Varkala: Narayana Gurukula.
• Prasād, Muni Nārāyaṇa 2006. Narayana Guru. Complete Works. New Delhi: National Book Trust.
• Prasād, Muni Nārāyaṇa 2007. Garland of Visions. The Darśanamālā of Narayana Guru with an extensive commentary. New Delhi: D.K. Printworld (P) Ltd.
• Prasād, Muni Nārāyaṇa 2008. Nārāyaṇa Guru. Kāḷi Nāṭakam. Varkala: Narayana Gurukula.
• Prasād, Muni Nārāyaṇa 2013. Nārāyaṇa Guru. Viśākhaṣaṣṭi. Varkala: Narayana Guru Foundation.
• Prasād, Muni Nārāyaṇa 2015a. Nārāyaṇa Guru. Sampūrṇṇa Kṛtikaḷ. New Delhi: National Book Trust.
• Prasād, Muni Nārāyaṇa 2015b. Nārāyaṇa Guru. Śivaprasādapañcakam. Bāhulēyāṣṭakam. Varkala: Narayana Gurukula.
• Prasād, Muni Nārāyaṇa 2016. Śiva Śatakam. Nārāyaṇa Guru. Varkala: Narayana Gurukula.
• Prasād, Muni Nārāyaṇa 2019. Nārāyaṇa Guru. Kṛtikaḷ Sampūrṇṇam. Kottayam: DC Books.
• Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli 2010. The Principal Upaniṣads. New Delhi: HarperCollins Publishers.
• Ramachandran, T. N. 2010. ‘The Tirumandiram. Volume Four. Translation and Commentary’. [In:] Ganapathy, T. N., ed., The Tirumandiram. Translation and Commentary. Quebec: Babaji’s Kriya Yoga and Publications, pp. 1053–1512.
• Sanoo, M. K. 2017. Sree Narayana Guru, Life and Times. Alappuzha: Open Door Media.
• Somasundaram, P. S. 2010. ‘The Tirumandiram. Volume Seven – Tandiram Seven. Translation and Commentary’. [In:] Ganapathy, T. N., ed., The Tirumandiram. Translation and Commentary. Quebec: Babaji’s Kriya Yoga and Publications, pp. 1861–2322.
• TM = Tirumandiram, ed. transl. by T. N. Ganapathy et al., 10 vols. Quebec: Babaji’s Kriya Yoga and Publications, 2010. Ed.: T. N. Ganapathy. Trans.: T. V. Venkataraman (vol. 1–3); T. N. Ramachandran (vol. 4); K. R. Arumugam (vol. 5); T. N. Ganapathy (vol. 6, 9); P. S. Somasundaram (vol. 7); S. N. Kandaswamy (vol. 8). Vol. 10: Subamanian, Swamy and T. N. Arunachalam, Appendices, Glossary, Selected Bibliography, Index.
• VadarājaṈ, G. 2014/2015. Tirumandiram by Tirumūlar. Chennai: Paḻaṉiyappā Piradāl.
• Venkataraman, T. V. 2010a. ‘The Tirumandiram. Volume One. Translation and Commentary’. [In:] Ganapathy, T. N., ed., The Tirumandiram. Translation and Commentary. Quebec: Babaji’s Kriya Yoga and Publications, pp. 1–406.
• Venkataraman, T. V. 2010b. ‘The Tirumandiram. Volume Two. Translation and Commentary’. [In:] Ganapathy, T. N., ed., The Tirumandiram. Translation and Commentary. Quebec: Babaji’s Kriya Yoga and Publications, pp. 409–650.
• Venkataraman, T. V. 2010c. ‘The Tirumandiram. Volume Three. Translation and Commentary’. [In:] Ganapathy, T. N., ed., The Tirumandiram. Translation and Commentary. Quebec: Babaji’s Kriya Yoga and Publications, pp. 659–1050.
• Woodroffe, John [Arthur Avalon, pseud.] 2014. Hymns to the Goddess and Hymns to Kālī. Karpūrādi Stotra. New Delhi: New Age Books. First published in 1913 by Luzac & Co., London.
• Yati, Nitya Caitanya 2004. The Psychology of Darśanamālā. New Delhi: D. K. Printworld (P) Ltd.
• Yati, Nitya Caitanya 2013. That Alone. The Core of Wisdom. New Delhi: Narayana Gurukula.
• Zaehner, Robert Charles 1969. The Bhagavad-Gītā, with a commentary based on the original sources. London: Oxford University Press.

Identifiers

Biblioteka Nauki

2035876