Działania stabilizacyjne banków centralnych w okresie kryzysów ekonomicznych: analiza porównawcza polityki monetarnej Europejskiego Banku Centralnego i Systemu Rezerwy Federalnej USA

• Authors: Joanna Działo

Title variants

EN

Stabilization policy of central banks during economic crises: A comparative analysis of the monetary policy of the European Central Bank and the US Federal Reserve System

Abstracts

EN

The aim of the paper is to analyze and evaluate the stabilization activities carried out by the two most powerful central banks in the world: the US Federal Reserve System (FED) and the European Central Bank (ECB) in response to the two largest economic crises of recent years. A discussion was launched on the effectiveness of the monetary policy pursued by the FED and the ECB during the financial crisis of 2007–2008 and the economic crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Differences between the actions of the analyzed central banks during both crises were indicated and assessed. The results of the analyzes indicate that the monetary policy conducted at the national level by both central banks played a key role in mitigating the socio-economic effects of both economic crises. Both the FED and the ECB showed high efficiency in the process of combating the effects of crises, but they used different monetary tools. The actions taken by the FED during the financial crisis were more invasive than those taken by the ECB, especially in large-scale financial asset purchases. Generally, however, both central banks largely supported the financial system and the real economy of their economies. During the pandemic crisis, the situation changed and in 2020 both central banks actively used their ability to influence interest rates by purchasing financial assets. Again, however, the ECB was more focused on offering credit facilities to businesses than its US counterpart. In terms of returning to the path of economic growth and achieving the target inflation level, the US economy significantly outperformed the euro area during both the financial crisis and the COVID-19 crisis, which may indicate a higher effectiveness of the FED’s stabilization measures compared to the ECB.

PL

Celem opracowania jest analiza i ocena działań stabilizacyjnych prowadzonych przez dwa najpotężniejsze banki centralne na świecie: System Rezerwy Federalnej Stanów Zjednoczonych (FED) i Europejski Bank Centralny (EBC) w odpowiedzi na dwa największe kryzysy gospodarcze ostatnich lat. Podjęta została dyskusja na temat skuteczności polityki monetarnej prowadzonej przez FED i EBC podczas kryzysu finansowego lat 2007–2008 oraz kryzysu gospodarczego wywołanego przez pandemię COVID-19. Wskazane i ocenione zostały różnice między działaniami analizowanych banków centralnych w czasie obydwu kryzysów. Wyniki analiz wskazują, że polityka monetarna prowadzona na poziomie narodowym w przez obydwa banki centralne odegrała kluczową rolę w łagodzeniu społeczno-gospodarczych skutków obydwóch kryzysów gospodarczych. Zarówno FED, jak i EBC wykazały się wysoką efektywnością w procesie zwalczania skutków kryzysów, stosowały jednak różne narzędzia monetarne. Działania prowadzone przez FED w czasie kryzysu finansowego były bardziej inwazyjne niż te podejmowane przez EBC, zwłaszcza w zakresie skupu aktywów finansowych na dużą skalę. Generalnie jednak obydwa banki centralne w dużym stopniu wspierały system finansowy i sferę realną swoich gospodarek. Podczas kryzysu pandemicznego sytuacja uległa zmianie i w 2020 r. obydwa banki centralne aktywnie wykorzystywały swoje możliwości wpływania na stopy procentowe poprzez zakupy aktywów finansowych. Ponownie jednak EBC był bardziej skoncentrowany na oferowaniu ułatwień kredytowych dla podmiotów gospodarczych niż jego amerykański odpowiednik. Pod względem powrotu na ścieżkę wzrostu gospodarczego oraz osiągnięcia docelowego poziomu inflacji gospodarka Stanów Zjednoczonych znacznie wyprzedziła strefę euro zarówno podczas kryzysu finansowego, jak i kryzysu COVID-19, co może wskazywać na wyższą skuteczność działań stabilizacyjnych FED w porównaniu do EBC.

Keywords

PL

bank centralny; konwencjonalne i niekonwencjonalne instrumenty polityki monetarnej; kryzys gospodarczy; polityka stabilizacyjna banku centralnego

EN

central bank; conventional and unconventional instruments of monetary policy; economic crisis; stabilization policy of the central bank

• Publisher: Uczelnia Łazarskiego. Oficyna Wydawnicza
• Journal: Myśl Ekonomiczna i Polityczna
• Year: 2022
• Issue: 4(75)
• Pages: 9-38

Dates

published

2022

Contributors

author

Joanna Działo

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Identifiers

DOI

10.26399/meip.4(75).2022.20/j.dzialo

Biblioteka Nauki

11236559