Full-text resources of CEJSH and other databases are now available in the new Library of Science.
Visit https://bibliotekanauki.pl

PL EN


2022 | 12 | 3 | 355-379

Article title

A state-of-the-art review of distribution-of-practice effects on L2 learning

Authors

Content

Title variants

Languages of publication

Abstracts

EN
The purpose of this state-of-the-art review is to provide a general overview of recent research on time distribution and second language (L2) learning with special implications for classroom settings. Several studies have been performed to examine how to best distribute the hours of L2 practice to maximize learning by comparing conditions that promote intensive exposure versus others in which L2 input or instruction is more widely spaced. Findings from these studies are relevant not only for practical purposes but also for theory development. This review provides a summary of recent studies as well as suggestions for pedagogical practice. Additionally, it identifies areas for future research concerning the effect of time distribution on L2 learning.

Year

Volume

12

Issue

3

Pages

355-379

Physical description

Dates

published
2022

Contributors

  • University of Barcelona, Spain

References

  • Alcaraz-Mármol, G. (2015). Second language vocabulary acquisition under two different types of instruction: The effects of concentrated and distributed introduction in immediate and delayed retention. ES Revista De Filologia Inglesa, 36, 7-25. https://core.ac.uk/reader/211105905
  • Baddeley, A. (2003). Working memory and language: An overview. Journal of Communication Disorders, 36, 189-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9924(03)00019-4
  • Bird, S. (2010). Effects of distributed practice on the acquisition of second language English syntax. Applied Psycholinguistics, 31(4), 635-650. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0142716410000172
  • Bjork, R. A. (1994). Memory and metamemory considerations in the training of human beings. In J. Metcalfe & A. Shimamura (Eds.), Metacognition: Knowing about knowing (pp. 185-205). MIT Press.
  • Bui, G., Ahmadian, M. J., & Hunter, A-M. (2019). Spacing effects on repeated L2 task performance. System, 81, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2018.12.006
  • Carpenter, S. K., & Mueller, F. E. (2013). The effects of interleaving versus blocking on foreign language pronunciation learning. Memory & Cognition, 41, 671-682. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-012-0291-4
  • Cepeda, N. J., Pashler, H., Vul, E., Wixted, J. T., & Rohrer, D. (2006). Distributed practice in verbal recall tasks: A review and quantitative synthesis. Psychological Bulletin, 132(3), 354-380. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.132.3.354
  • Collins, L., Halter, R. H., Lightbown, P. M., & Spada, N. (1999). Time and the distribution of time in L2 instruction. TESOL Quarterly, 33(4), 655-680. https://doi.org/10.2307/3587881
  • Collins, L., & White, J. (2011). An intensive look at intensity and language learning. TESOL Quarterly, 45(1), 106-133. https://doi.org/10.5054/tq.2011.240858
  • DeKeyser, R. M. (2017). Knowledge and skill in ISLA. In S. Loewen & M. Sato (Eds.). Routledge handbook of instructed second language acquisition (pp. 15-32). Routledge.
  • Ebbinghaus, H. (1913). Memory: A contribution to experimental psychology. Teachers College, Columbia University. (Original work published 1885)
  • French, L. M., Gagné, N., & Collins, L. (2020). Long-term effects of intensive instrucion on fluency, comprehensibility and accentedness. Journal of Second Lanuage Pronunciation, 6(3), 380-401. https://doi.org/10.1075/jslp.20026.fre
  • Kasprowicz, R. E., Marsden, E., & Sephton, N. (2019). Investigating distribution of practice effects for the learning of foreign language verb morphology in the young learner classroom. Modern Language Journal, 103(3), 580-606. https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.12586
  • Kim, S. K., & Webb, S. (2022). The effects of spaced practice on second language learning: A meta-analysis. Language Learning. Advance online publication https://doi.org/10.1111/lang.12479
  • Koval, N. G. (2019). Testing the deficient processing account of the spacing effect in second language vocabulary learning: Evidence from eye tracking. Applied Psycholinguistics, 40(05), 1103-1139. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0142716419000158
  • Koval, N. G. (2022). Testing the reminding account of the lag effect in L2 vocabulary learning. Applied Psycholinguistics, 43(1), 1-40. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0142716421000370
  • Küpper-Tetzel, C. E., Erdfelder, E., & Dickhäuser, O. (2014a). The lag effect in secondary school classrooms: Enhancing students’ memory for vocabulary. Instructional Science, 42, 373-388. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11251-013-9285-2
  • Küpper-Tetzel, C. E., Kapler, I. V., & Wiseheart, M. (2014b). Contracting, equal, and expanding learning schedules: The optimal distribution of learning sessions depends on retention interval. Memory & Cognition, 42(5), 729-741. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-014-0394-1
  • Li, M., & DeKeyser, R. M. (2019). Distribution of practice effects in the acquisition and retention of L2 Mandarin tonal word production. Modern Language Journal, 103(3), 607-628. https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.12580
  • Lightbown, P. M. (2014). Making the minutes count in L2 teaching. Language Awareness, 23(1-2), 3-23. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658416.2013.863903
  • Lightbown, P. M., & Spada, N. (2020). Teaching and learning L2 in the class-room: It’s about time. Language Teaching, 53(4), 422-432. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444819000454
  • Lotfolahi, A. R., & Salehi, H. (2017). Spacing effects in vocabulary learning: Young EFL learners in focus. Cogent Education, 4(1), 1287391. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186x.2017.1287391
  • Macis, M., Sonbul, S., & Alharbi, R. (2021). The effect of spacing on incidental and deliberate learning of L2 collocations. System, 103, 9102649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2021.102649
  • Meara, P. M. (2005). LLAMA language aptitude tests. Lognostics.
  • Miles, S. W. (2014). Spaced vs. massed distribution instruction for L2 grammar learning. System, 42, 412-428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2014.01.014
  • Muñoz, C. (2012). Intensive exposure experiences in second language learning. Multilingual Matters.
  • Nakata, T. (2015). Effects of expanding and equal spacing on second language vocabulary learning: Does gradually increasing spacing increase vocabulary learning? Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 37(4), 677-711. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0272263114000825
  • Nakata, T., & Elgort, I. (2021). Effects of spacing on contextual vocabulary learning: Spacing facilitates the acquisition of explicit, but not tacit, vocabulary knowledge. Second Language Research, 37(2), 233-260. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267658320927764
  • Nakata, T., & Suzuki, Y. (2019a). Effects of massing and spacing on the learning of semantically related and unrelated words. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 41(2), 287-311. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0272263118000219
  • Nakata, T., & Suzuki, Y. (2019b). Mixing grammar exercises facilitates long term retention: Effects of blocking, interleaving, and increasing practice. Modern Language Journal, 103(3), 629-647. https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.12581
  • Nakata, T., Tada, S., McLean, S., & Kim, Y. E. (2021). Effects of distributed retrieval practice over a semester: Cumulative tests as a way to facilitate second language vocabulary learning. TESOL Quarterly, 55(1), 248-270. https://0.1002/tesq.596
  • Nakata, T., & Webb, S. (2016). Does studying vocabulary in smaller sets in-crease learning? The effects of part and whole learning on second language vocabulary acquisition. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 38(3), 523-552. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0272263115000236
  • Robinson, P. (2002). Effects of individual differences in intelligence, aptitude and working memory on adult incidental SLA. In P. Robinson (Ed.), Individual differences and instructed language learning (pp. 211-266). John Benjamins.
  • Rogers, J. (2015). Learning second language syntax under massed and distributed conditions. TESOL Quarterly, 49(4), 857-866. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.252
  • Rogers, J. (2017). The spacing effect and its relevance to second language acquisition. Applied Linguistics, 38(6), 906-911. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amw052
  • Rogers, J., & Cheung, A. (2020). Input spacing and the learning of L2 vocabulary in a classroom context. Language Teaching Research, 24(5), 616-641. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168818805251
  • Rogers, J., & Cheung, A. (2021). Does it matter when you review? Input spacing, ecological validity, and the learning of L2 vocabulary. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 43(5), 1138-1156. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0272263120000236
  • Schuetze, U. (2015). Spacing techniques in second language vocabulary acquisition: Short-term gains vs. long-term memory. Language Teaching Re-search, 19(1), 28-42. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168814541726
  • Schuetze, U., & Weimer-Stuckmann, G. (2011). Retention in SLA lexical processing. CALICO Journal, 28(2), 460-472. https://doi.org/10.11139/cj.28.2.460-472
  • Segalowitz, N. S., & Segalowitz, S. J. (1993). Skilled performance, practice, and the differentiation of speed-up from automatization effects: Evidence from second language word recognition. Applied Psycholinguistics, 14(3), 369-385. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0142716400010845
  • Serfaty, J., & Serrano, R. (2022). Lag effects in grammar learning: A desirable difficulties perspective. Applied Psycholinguistics, 43(3), 513-550. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0142716421000631
  • Serrano, R. (2011). The time factor in EFL classroom practice. Language Learning, 61(1), 117-145. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9922.2010.00591.x
  • Serrano, R. (2012). Is intensive learning effective? In C. Muñoz (Ed.), Intensive expo-sure experiences in second language learning (pp. 3-22). Multilingual Matters.
  • Serrano, R., & Huang, H. Y. (2018). Learning vocabulary through assisted repeated reading: How much time should there be between repetitions of the same text? TESOL Quarterly, 52(4), 971-994. https://doi.org/10.1002/TESQ.445
  • Serrano, R., & Huang, H. Y. (2021). Time distribution and intentional vocabulary learning through repeated reading: A partial replication and extension. Language Awareness. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/096 58416.2021.1894162
  • Serrano, R., & Muñoz, C. (2007). Same hours, different time distribution: Any difference in EFL? System, 35(3), 305-321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2007.02.001
  • Serrano, R., Stengers, H., & Housen, A. (2015). Acquisition of formulaic sequences in intensive and regular EFL programs. Language Teaching Research, 19(1), 89-106. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168814541748
  • Snoder, P. (2017). Improving English learners’ productive collocation knowledge: The effects of involvement load, spacing, and intentionality. TESL Canada Journal, 34(3), 140-164. https://doi.org/10.18806/tesl.v34i3.1277
  • Spada, N., & Lightbown, P. M. (1989). Intensive ESL programs in Quebec primary schools. TESL Canada Journal, 7(1), 11-32.
  • Stern, H. H. (1985). The time factor and compact course development. TESL Canada Journal, 3(1), 13-29. https://doi.org/10.18806/tesl.v3i1.471
  • Suzuki, Y. (2017). The optimal distribution of practice for the acquisition of L2 morphology: A conceptual replication and extension. Language Learning, 67(3), 512-545. https://doi.org/10.1111/lang.12236
  • Suzuki, Y. (2018). The role of procedural learning ability in automatization of L2 morphology under different learning schedules. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 40(4), 923-937. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0272263117000249
  • Suzuki, Y. (2019). Individualization of practice distribution in second language grammar learning. Journal of Second Language Studies, 2(2), 169-196. https://doi.org/10.1075/jsls.18023.suz
  • Suzuki, Y. (2021a). Individual differences in memory predict changes in breakdown and repair fluency but not speed fluency: A short-term fluency training intervention study. Applied Psycholinguistics, 42(4), 969-995. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0142716421000187
  • Suzuki, Y. (2021b). Optimizing fluency training for speaking skills transfer: Comparing the effects of blocked and interleaved task repetition. Language Learning, 71(2), 285-325. https://doi.org/10.1111/LANG.12433
  • Suzuki, Y., & DeKeyser, R. M. (2017a). Effects of distributed practice on the proceduralization of morphology. Language Teaching Research, 21(2), 166-188. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168815617334
  • Suzuki, Y., & DeKeyser, R. M. (2017b). Exploratory research on second language practice distribution: An Aptitude × Treatment interaction. Applied Psycholinguistics, 38(1), 27-56. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0142716416000084
  • Suzuki, Y., & Hanzawa, K. (2022). Massed task repetition is a double-edged sword for fluency development: An EFL classroom study. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 44(2), 536-561. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263121000358
  • Suzuki, Y., & Sunada, M. (2020). Dynamic interplay between practice type and practice schedule in a second language. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 42(1), 169-197. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0272263119000470
  • Suzuki, Y., Eguchi, M., & de Jong, N. (2022a). Does the reuse of constructions pro-mote fluency development in task repetition? A usage-based perspective. TESOL Quarterly. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.3103
  • Suzuki, Y., Nakata, T., & DeKeyser, R. M. (2019). The desirable difficulty frame-work as a theoretical foundation for optimizing and researching second language practice. Modern Language Journal, 103(3), 713-720. https://doi.org/10.1111/modl.12585
  • Suzuki, Y., Yokosawa, S., Aline, D. (2022b). The role of working memory in blocked and interleaved grammar practice: Proceduralization of L2 syntax. Language Teaching Research, 26(4), 671-695. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168820913985
  • Toppino, T. C., & Gerbier, E. (2014). About practice: Repetition, spacing, and abstraction. In B. H. Ross (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation: Volume 60: The psychology of learning and motivation (pp. 113-189). Elsevier Academic Press.
  • White, J., & Turner, C. (2005). Comparing children’s oral ability in two ESL pro-grams. Canadian Modern Language Review, 61(4), 491-517. https://doi.org/10.3138/cmlr.61.4.491
  • Xu, X., Padilla, A. M., & Silva, D. (2012). The time factor in Mandarin language learning: The four-week intensive versus the regular high school semester. The Language Learning Journal, 42(1), 55-66. https://doi.org/10.1080/09571736.2012.677054
  • Yamagata, S., Nakata, T., & Rogers, J. (2022). Effects of distributed practice on the acquisition of verb-noun collocations. Studies in Second Language Acquisition. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0272263122000225

Document Type

Publication order reference

Identifiers

Biblioteka Nauki
2143623

YADDA identifier

bwmeta1.element.ojs-doi-10_14746_ssllt_2022_12_3_2
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.