Full-text resources of CEJSH and other databases are now available in the new Library of Science.
Visit https://bibliotekanauki.pl

Results found: 4

first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last

Search results

help Sort By:

help Limit search:
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
1
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Modal Expressions in the Language of Physical Science

100%
Tkaczyk M.
Filozofia Nauki
|
2006
|
vol. 14
|
issue 4
97-108
PL
Modal concepts - among them the concepts of logical, physical (nomic) and metaphysical necessity - used to be quite important for philosophy of science during centuries. However, in the XX c. most philosophers preferred not to recognize those concepts in science (especially the concept of physical necessity). They were wrong. Some patterns from history of physics are presented, showing the concept of physical necessity playing an important role in the scientific research of nature. And the nature of physically necessary statements is different from both logically necessary statements - on the one hand - and contingent statements, on the other. Consequently three attempts to explain the nature of physical necessity are discussed. (1) Physical necessities are just relative necessities, logical consequences of physical laws. (2) Logical and physical necessities are of the same nature, although logically necessary statements are as well analytical, while those physically necessary are synthetic. Some serious difficulties arising in both theories are shown. Finally a third explanation is outlined. (3) The two kinds of necessary statements differ in their reference: they describe different kinds of real relationships (connection).
2

On Axiomatization of Łukasiewicz’s Four-Valued Modal Logic

100%
Tkaczyk M.
Logic and Logical Philosophy
|
2011
|
vol. 20
|
issue 3
215-232
EN
Formal aspects of various ways of description of Jan Łukasiewicz’s four-valued modal logic are discussed. The original Łukasiewicz’s description by means of the accepted and rejected theorems, together with the four-valued matrix, is presented. Then the improved E. J. Lemmon’s description based upon three specific axioms, together with the relational semantics, is presented as well. It is proved that Lemmon’s axiomatics is not independent: one axiom is derivable on the base of the remanent two. Several axiomatizations, based on three, two or one single axiom are provided and discussed, including S. Kripke’s axiomatics. It is claimed that (a) all substitutions of classical theorems, (b) the rule of modus ponens, (c) the definition of “⋄” and (d) the single specific axiom schema: ⌐□A ∧ B→A ∧□ B⌐, , called the jumping necessity axiom, constitute an elegant axiomatics of the system.
3

Negation in Weak Positional Calculi

100%
Tkaczyk M.
Logic and Logical Philosophy
|
2013
|
vol. 22
|
issue 1
3-19
EN
Four weak positional calculi are constructed and examined. They refer to the use of the connective of negation within the scope of the positional connective “R” of realization. The connective of negation may be fully classical, partially analogical or independent from the classical, truth- functional negation. It has been also proved that the strongest system, containing fully classical connective of negation, is deductively equivalent to the system MR from Jarmużek and Pietruszczak.
4
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Running for Health? Polish Long-Distance Leisure Runners and the Problem of Health Literacy

51%
Stempień J. R., Stańczyk M., Tokarski J., Tkaczyk M.
Polish Sociological Review
|
2020
|
vol. 211
|
issue 3
379-392
EN
This article discusses a survey to investigate the problem of the health literacy of leisure runners. The survey was conducted in 2016 in Poland among 963 participants of the DOZ Marathon Lodz with PZU [Polish Insurance Company] . A specially developed scale for measuring the participants’ level of health literacy (−3, 23 points) was used, and the survey answers were evaluated by medical doctors. As the average score was 3.16, the surveyed population was shown to lack information about the medical and health consequences of running. The people who were relatively better informed were women and younger runners (and additionally single runners and those not active on the labor market). An unexpected finding was that social-class affiliation, educational level, and advancement in running ability had a low degree of influence on the health knowledge of the surveyed runners. The conclusion is that a health-related motivation to train in the sport of running (which was declared to be a key factor in many studies) is grounded in common knowledge, while the majority of leisure runners are unacquainted with the actual risks and benefits of running
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.