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Totalitaryzm i terminy pokrewne w naukach społecznych oraz w polskim języku prawnym i prawniczym

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Izdebski H.
Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem
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2016
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vol. 38
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issue 4
31-44
EN
The question how to study the historical phenomenon of totalitarianism is one of the most important questions raised, and examined, by Professor Maria Zmierczak, who has noted a danger of instrumentalisation of the concept, in particular in the post-communist countries. The article concerns such danger in making and applying the Polish law, as totalitarianism and its derivations have been in use in the juristic language since the beginning of the 1990s and put into legislative texts, since the 1997 Constitution of the Republic of Poland. Article 13 of the Constitution declares that “Shall be prohibited political parties and other organisations whose programmes are based upon totalitarian methods and the modes of activity of nazism, fascism and communism”. That formula was, on the one hand, an effect and condemnation of the difficult experience of the past, in particular of the period of the “People’s Poland”, and, on the other hand, it opened the room for official, legal qualification of the recent past, in the situation of a dispute among specialists in social sciences over communism in Poland, in particular whether it ended in 1956 or lasted until 1989/1990. In the resolution of 2 April 2009, the European Parliament warned against imposing of a given political interpretation of history by parliaments. Nevertheless, in Poland such imposing, seeming to exceed the natural need to impose sanctions on those who infringed citizen’s rights in the previous time, has taken place, and it substantially grows in the present time. On the other hand, the concept of totalitarianism and its derivations seems to be less and less in use in the juristic language, i.e. that of lawyers (including judges), orienting rather on a prudent language of science than that more and more radical of the political majority, and, therefore, of the law.
2
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Kodyfikacja etyki w służbie publicznej - doświadczenia Kodeksu Etyki Służby Cywilnej

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Izdebski H.
Diametros
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2010
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issue 25
20-29
PL
Polskie ustawodawstwo przewiduje wydawanie kodeksów etycznych przez samorządy zawodów zaufania publicznego, w szczególności zawodów prawniczych i medycznych. Występują różne poglądy co do charakteru prawnego kodeksów: od stanowiska monistycznego (kodeksy wydane z upoważnienia ustawy są częścią systemu prawnego) do stanowiska dualistycznego (tj. równoległości norm deontologicznych i etycznych); próbą kompromisu jest uznanie kodeksów etycznych za akty „miękkiego prawa”. Szczególność Kodeksu Etyki Służby Cywilnej z 2002 r. wynika z tego, że dotyczy on ważnej części służby publicznej (nie zawodu zaufania publicznego), że został ustalony przez Prezesa Rady Ministrów (nie w drodze środowiskowej autoregulacji), oraz że, zaczynając od ogólniejszej zasady służby publicznej, skonstruowano go na zasadzie przykładowego wyciągnięcia deontologicznych wniosków z konstytucyjnych zasad służby: rzetelności, profesjonalizmu, bezstronności i neutralności politycznej. Obecna ustawa o służbie cywilnej z 2008 r. zawiera podstawę prawną do skodyfikowania przez premiera zasad etyki korpusu służby cywilnej. Dotychczasowe doświadczenia wskazują, że nowy kodeks powinien stanowić adaptację Kodeksu z 2002 r.
EN
Polish legislation provides for the issuance of codes of ethics by local governments for professions of public trust, especially the legal and medical professions. There are diverse views as to the legal nature of such codes: a one-tier position (the codes issued under the authority of the legislation are part of the legal system), a two-tier position (the parallelism of professional conduct and ethical standards), or a compromise position in which ethical codes are recognized as acts of "soft law". The peculiarity of the 2002 Civil Service Code of Ethics is that it concerns an important part of public service (not the professions of public trust), that it was established by the Prime Minister (not by way of professional self-regulation) and that, starting from more general principles of public service, it was constructed by deriving professional rules of conduct from the constitutional principles of service: integrity, professionalism, impartiality and political neutrality. The current Civil Service Act of 2008 includes the legal basis for the codification of the ethics of the civil service corps by the Prime Minister. Past experience indicates that the new code should be an adaptation of the 2002 Code.
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Ustawa z dnia 13 lipca 1939 r. o znoszeniu ordynacji rodowych i niektóre związane z nią aktualne problemy prawne

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Izdebski H.
Themis Polska Nova
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2017
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issue 1(12)
5-18
EN
The Law of the 13th of July, 1939 on Abolishing Fees Tail did not abolish itself that institution, represented then by 55 estates subject to different regulations in divers parts of the territory of the Republic of Poland, but it provided for an evolutive process of abolition, to be initiated by the patriarch or ex officio, and accomplished by the decision of the Appellate Court on abolition. Abolition meant that the patriarch, having been a “possessor” of the fee tail belonging to the whole family, was to become a regular owner of its goods. Because of the World War, II no fee tail was abolished within the framework of that Law. All existing fees tail were abolished ex lege, in the new post-war conditions marked, in particular, by realization of the land reform, by the 1946 Law-Decree providing for introductory provisions of the succession law. It repealed the 1939 Law, but maintained in force its substantive provisions defining the essence of fees tail. In the article, an analysis is developed of legal problems related to legislation on abolition of fees tail that arise out in the present Polish legal practice. It relates to the problem of the right of the 1939 fee tail patriarch to receive, on the basis of the 2005 particular law, a compensation for estates left on the pre-war territory of the Republic of Poland taken by the USSR; it could be given only to the then owners being physical persons, and not to simple holders. There have been two cases decided over by administrative courts, and their approach, and to a certain extent decisions, have been quite different. The other problem examined relates to the present right of ownership of library collections having belonged to two fees tail, and the respective rights of the National Library of Poland that keeps those collections.
4
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Prawo o stowarzyszeniach w aktualnych uwarunkowaniach społecznych i prawnych. Z doświadczeń prac nad projektem nowelizacji w latach 2009–2015

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Izdebski H.
Themis Polska Nova
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2015
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issue 1(8)
71-86
EN
On the 25th of September, 2015 the Polish Parliament adopted the act amending the 1989 Act on Associations. Though there had been eight subsequent amendments, the 2015 act was the first aiming to substantially adapt the Act on Associations – the first legal effect of the political consensus achieved within the Round Table negotiations of the then Communist government and the “democratic opposition” – to new social and economic conditions of Poland. 26 years of functioning of the Act have been the time of passage from “real socialism” to “democratic state of law” having to base, according to the 1997 Constitution, on “social market economy”, and from a practical isolation of Poland within its borders to its opening to the world, in particular within the framework of European institutions. The article sketches, also on the basis of the author’s personal experience due to his participation in drafting and legislative works, the course of the revision works initiated in 2009, in particular of parliamentary works on the 2014 President’s draft law, as well as their limited results achieved in the 2015 act. Analyses of causes of such limitation are presented on the plane of the most important items of the pre- -parliamentary and parliamentary debates, i.e. right of legal persons to associate on equal terms with physical persons (not included in the President’s proposal), right of foreigners to associate on equal terms with citizens (and inhabitants) of Poland (its application had been proposed by the President, but not included in the act), and legal effect of the, generally agreed, elevation of the status of “ordinary association” on functioning of the present ordinary associations that would not wish to become new ordinary associations; the latter question relates to the fundamental issue of the sense of the freedom of association.
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Opinia na temat projektów ustaw o zmianie ustawy o dochodach jednostek samorządu terytorialnego oraz ustawy o finansach publicznych

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Izdebski H.
Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS
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2014
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issue 4(44)
113-121
EN
The Government bill is considered not to enforce the judgment of the Constitutional Tribunal of 4 March 2014 (ref. no. 13/11), as it only partially implements the necessary standards of the regional correctional compensatory mechanism. The Deputies’ bill, which takes into account all of the standards set out by the Constitutional Tribunal, receives a positive assessment. Moreover, the Deputies’ bill is considered as an attempt of a systemic implementation of the judgment, as it also includes changes aimed at correcting other provisions of the Act on Local Government Revenue units and the provisions of the Public Finance Act in relation to the compensatory corrective mechanism.
6
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Contemporary Expressions of Personal Law: Co-Existence or Conflict with the Territorial Law?

100%
Izdebski H.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Iuridica
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2021
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vol. 94
141-152
PL
Opracowanie dotyczy obecnej roli, jaką w przepisach prawa i w praktyce jego stosowania odgrywa tradycyjna zasada osobowości prawa. Mimo dominacji, występującej od ponad tysiąclecia, zasady przeciwnej, tj. terytorialności prawa, napotkać można wiele współczesnych przejawów występowania i stosowania zasady osobowości prawa. Dotyczy to, w szczególności, żywotnych tradycyjnych praw osobowych charakterystycznych dla niezachodnich tradycji prawnych (w pierwszym rzędzie szariatu), w tym prób ich stosowania w otoczeniu zachodnich społeczeństw. Są także inne różne przykłady uznania, co najmniej w praktyce, przejawów osobowości prawa w państwach zachodnich, co jest wykazywane na przykładzie Polski.
EN
The paper concerns the present role played in law-in-the-books and law in action as well by a very traditional law type, namely that of personal law. In spite of the dominating role that the other type, i.e. territorial law, has played in Western law for more than a thousand years, there are numerous contemporary expressions of the existence and application of personal laws. In particular, this is the case of the vivacity of traditional personal laws characteristic of non-Western legal traditions (above all shari’a), including attempts at their application in the Western environment. There are also various other examples of the recognition, at least in the practice, of personal laws in the Western law jurisdictions, which is indicated with the example of Polish law.
7
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Minimum planistyczne dla skutecznego sterowania rozwojem miasta

63%
Bielecki C., Izdebski H.
Studia z Polityki Publicznej
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2019
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vol. 6
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issue 2(22)
165-168
EN
The following draft of the Code aims to regulate investment processes in the field of local planning and spatial development (urban planning) as well as in the field of architecture and construction.
PL
Poniższy projekt Kodeksu ma na celu regulowanie procesów inwestycyjnych w zakresie lokalnego planowania i zagospodarowania przestrzennego (urbanistyka) oraz w zakresie architektury i budownictwa.
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