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Wodociąg jako istotny element infrastruktury technicznej wsi

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Gładysz R., Zakład Ekonomiki Regionalnej i Ochrony Środowiska U. Ł.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1997
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vol. 143
EN
The social and economic transformations taking part in villages, and especially a growing concern about persona] health and hygiene, equipment of houses with internal sanitary facilties and intensification of agricultural production (particularly animal breeding) produce a rapidly growing demand for water supplied by means of a collective or local water-supply systems. Meanwhile, the development of this system, and especially of network systems, is highly unsatisfactory in villages. This is primarily due to a strong dispersal of village settlements, structure of villages and long years of negligence in this respect after the war. A more pronounced progress in this field did not occur until 1965, and particularly during the last decade. In 1970 only 12.2% of flats in villages were equipped with water-supply systems and 5.8% with bathrooms. In 1988 these figures rose to 65.8% (of which - 29.6% of network water supply) and 50.7% respectively. In 1993 they were estoimated at 72.7% and 58.6%. These propostions still fall considerably behind those in towns and, moreover, they are considerably differentiated spatially. One of the main causes of such differentiation, apart from the negligence of post war period, are different traditions in particular regions of Poland. The administrative provinces in the north-west of Poland and those of Katowice, Bielsko and Opole (fig. 5) can boast the highest share of fiats equipped with water supply systems exceeding 85%. The lowest share under 60% is recorded by the central-eastern part of Poland and especially the provinces of Radom (43.8%) and Siedlce (47.0%). Using wells has become here a dominant system of provision with water, which hardly contributes to hygiene and economic progress. Moreover, the quality of water taken from the well very often does not fulfil standards of drinking water.
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Funkcja przemysłu chłodniczego w produkcji i konserwacji, żywności w środkowej Polsce

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Gładysz R., Dr a. w. Z. G. P. U. Ł.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1985
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vol. 40
EN
The refrigerating engineering is the youngest and simultaneously the most dynamically developing branch of the food-processing industry in Poland. It groups 16 companies having at their disposal 58 cold stores, which are distributed throughout the whole country (Fig. 1), In the area under survey this industry is represented by The Refrigerating Engineering Company in Łódź and by The Central Laboratory of the Refrigerating Engineering in Łódź. The Central Laboratory of the Refrigerating Engineering is a research and development centre. Its production of frozen foodstuffs constitutes a secondary-type activity, and it is carried out at the level of about 250 ton in The Experimental Plant of Frozen Foodstuffs. In the future the plant is to supply 800 ton of food products with the entire output being left in Poland. The Refrigerating Engineering Company in Łódź is the main producer and distributor of frozen foodstuffs in the nearby administrative provinces of Łódź, Piotrków, Sieradz, Płock, and Skierniewice. It has 3 cold stores with a total refrigeration capacity of 212 ton per day. The storage capacity of the company meets the demand of the region for frozen foodstuffs in 70 per cent. The company performs services in the field of storage and refrigeration of foodstuffs and produces between 6 and 7 thousand ton of frozen fruit and vegetables, readymade foodstuffs and ice-creams per year (Table 1). Its output goes in GO per cent to the domestic market, while export includes frozen fruit only (60 to 80 per cent of production). The company can process 25 to 30 per cent of the total quantity of goods while the remaining part is sent to other cold stores in Poland within the framework of co-operation. In turn, the se cold stores send between 3 and 5 thousand ton of their own products to The Refrigerating Engineering Company in Łódź. In this way the company is able to supply between 6 and 7 thousand ton of frozen foodstuffs a year to the above mentioned 5 administrative provinces. About 65 per cent of all frozen foodstuffs are sold in the administrative province of Łódź (Tables 5 and 6).
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Przyrodnicze podstawy rozwoju produkcji rolniczej na obszarze województwa skierniewickiego

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Gładysz R., Uniwersytet Łódzki Z. G. P.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1985
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vol. 44
EN
Natural conditions in Skierniewice province are rather unfavorable for highly effective agricultural production. The 11- agitating factors include low precipitation amounts (table 2), and especially in the period of intensive plant growth along with a big share of soils belonging to low bonitation classes 'over 60 per cent), which are poor in nutritious components by their nature and suffer periodically or permanently from lack of humidity. It is most noticeable in central and central-south em regions of the administrative province where crops are below the national average. Simultaneously the province is poor in surface waters with agricultural storage reservoirs being absent. An important factor impeding modernization and intensification of plant production, and especially in animal breeding, is insufficient supply of rural farms with water. In the spatial structure of the province the index of quality agricultural production space is largely differentiated fig. 2 . Areas situated in Kutno Plain and in the eastern part of the Lowioz-Btonie Lowland are most favorable for agriculture. Considerable fodder reserves are to be found in today quite neglected green lands in the valley of the Bzura and its tributaries, which are ameliorated in only 18 per cent. The areas adjoining the Rawka river valley, and especially In its upper run are less useful for agriculture. Prevailing poor, usually rye-and potato soils reveal a low level of the agro-culture.
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Warunki przyrodnicze rolniczej przestrzeni produkcyjnej w ВОР (stan i przemiany w pierwszym etapie industriаIizacji)

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Gładysz R., Zakład Gospodarki Przestrzennej U. Ł.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1989
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vol. 96
EN
The area of the Bełchatów Industrial Region is characterized by relatively not very favour able agroecological conditions for intensive agricultural production. Restrictive elements include small amounts of precipitation, especially in the period of intensive crops growth, and too big shares of poor soils in classes V and VI (c a, 55%). On the other hand, thermic conditions and land configuration are favorable for agriculture. In the spatial lay-out, Piotrkow Trybunalski, and rural administrative communes of Grabica and Wola Krzysztoporska have the most favourable index of agricultural usefulness, while administrative comnunes of Kluki, Gomunice and Szczerców - the least favourable one. The investment project under construction causes visible transformations in the natural environment. Agricultural areas tend to shrink. Till the end of 1982, the brown coal mine absorbed an area of 3,076 ha of land (including 1,345 ha of arable land) and the power plant - 690 ha (mainly forests). New forms appear in the landscape, i.e. external dumping ground from the mine an ditch giving access to brown coaI deposits. In 1982, relative height of the dumping ground reached 113 m and depth of the ditch - 140 m. Mine drainage led to the lower ing of the underground waters level. A depression crater reached about 320 km in 1982. Withints coverage, a majority of shallow farm wells and small strearns went dry. In order to supply farms wi h water there is being expanded a network of rural water supply system. Its length amounted to 1,011 km in 1982. Drainage of underground waters causes changes in the soil environment. At the present initial investment stage, this phenomenon can be observed only on organic soils, mainly peat soils in regions where they can be found on permeable formations. Saturation humidity of surface layers of these soils has decreased significantly, which when accompanied by lack of possibilities of irrigation makes them useless as grass land. It cannot be ruled out that along with passage of time the process of degradation will encompass also other arable lands.
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Przyrodnicze podstawy

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Gładysz R., Uniwersytet Łódzki I. P. R.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1983
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vol. 28
EN
The natural conditions within the food zone of Łódź urban administrative province are rather unfavourable for intensive agricultural production. The restricting elements include, first of all, the Iow precipitation sum especially at the time of intensive growth of plants, and too high share of soils with low bonitation classes poorly equipped with nutritive components and subject to overdrying. This accounts for a relatively big intensification of rye-and-potato crops giving on the average lower yields than the national average. This is best noticeable in southem regions of the zone. The northern part of the food zone has the most favourable index of agricultural effectiveness. That is due to, a suitable character of the land sculpture (mainly plains or small elevations) and soils of wheat complexes appearing here. Despite relatively low indexes, the natural conditions in the examined area do not reistrict develapment of crops production. At present they are utilized to an average degree. It is possible to expand largely the intensive crops cultivation area through better development of land reclamation and fertilization. The biggest reserves of growth of crops production exist in the northern and central parts of the food zone, and especially on soils of the very good rye complex and good wheat copliex.
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Stan i perspektywy gospodarki wodnej w dorzeczu Luciąży

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Gładysz R., Uniwersytet Łódzki I. P. R.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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1981
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vol. 11
EN
The author presents the present situation and the most urgent tasks concerning the water economy in the area of the river basin (760 km ) threatened with water deficit, the western part of which will be soon encompassed by a depression funnel of Bełchatów lignite mine. The Luciąża river, left tributary of the Pilica river flows into the Sulejów reservoir. The average flow of the river at its mouth reaches 4,7 ms per second. The river water in the Luciąża basin is mainly used for agricultural purposes, and, first of all, for irrigation of ameliorated grassland (ca. 2,000 hectares), and for supplying fish ponds with water (ca. 150 hectares). Water requirements of the population and the industry are supplied by the underground water with about 70 per cent of all farms using shallow topsoil and alluvial waters. Water supply systems in rural, areas are few and far between. The most important tasks facing the water economy in the Luciąża river basin include: - improvement of purity of the Luciąża river and its main tributaries so that they do not impair the sanitary level of the Sulejów reservoir; - ample provision of water for agriculture and forestry, first of all for the area which is directly affected by the Bełchatów lignite mine through construction of central water supply systems based on deep intakes of the underground water and transfer of water from other river basins (the Pilica and the Widawka rivers) as well as storage of it in agricultural storage reservoirs. Bigger reservoirs should be built on the upper course of the Luciąża and the Bogdanówka. Water deficit in the Luciąźa river basin for 1985 is estimated at ca. 40-50 million cubic metres.
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Przemiany w gospodarce wodno-ściekowej na wsi piotrkowskiej w latach 1999-2006

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Gładysz R., Uniwersytet Łódzki K. G. R. i. Ś.
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
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2008
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vol. 215
EN
Poviat of Piotrków is a rural area. Its settlement is highly dispersed what leads to relatively high costs of building water and sewage system. Although local authorities suffer lack of financial resources, 244,2 km of water pipes was as well as 5037 of home connection to the water system were established in the period 1999-2006. In the beginning of 2007, only 18 villages has not been connected to public water system. Much more smaller development in the field of sewage infrastructure investment was observed. Only in 7 among 11 municipalities this kind of public activity has been undertaken. In effect, 2 sewage plants were built and 4 other were modernized, 76,1 km in 11 villages and 2138 home sewage connection has been created. However, the percentage of inhabitants using public sewage system is still low - it was only 16,8% in the beginning of 2007.
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