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1

Performance estimates, comparative optimism, and reality: A study of students before and after examinations

100%
Klonowicz T.
Polish Psychological Bulletin
|
2005
|
vol. 36
|
issue 2
77-88
EN
A quasi-experimental study was carried out to examine the relationships between unrealistic optimism and reality. Unrealistic optimism was operationalized as (1) pre-examination performance estimates and (2) comparative optimism, i.e., assessment of the likelihood that a number of positive and negative events would occur to self relative to the average student. It has been hypothesized that unrealistic optimism would be only moderately related to performance and would decrease under the impact of reality. The three intrusions of reality were temporal proximity of an exam, the actual exam score, and the difference between pre-examination prediction and the actual examination score. The data indicated that: (1) the two measures of unrealistic optimism were only weakly related to the level of performance and (2) optimistic performance estimates were positively associated with both the actual examination score and comparative optimism. Moreover, the data showed that participants lowered their pre-examination performance estimates as the exam neared. This effect was particularly strong in those participants who earlier provided unrealistically optimistic performance estimates. The occurrence of postexamination unrealistic pessimism suggests that biased estimates of own performance may reflect different stages of the coping process.
2

The dark side of the economic transformation in Poland: The stress of unemployment

100%
Klonowicz T.
Polish Psychological Bulletin
|
2004
|
vol. 35
|
issue 2
117-124
EN
This paper reports on the impact of employment status, reactivity, and coping on immediate and long-term subjective well-being (SWB) outcomes. Outcomes investigated were subjective health (intensity of somatic symptoms), life satisfaction, and alienation. Three coping strategies were examined: Avoidance coping, Seeking Support, and Job Search. The study relied on a combination of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs. A longitudinal design was used to follow the unemployed participants from approximately 4–6 weeks after layoff to about three months after they stopped receiving unemployment compensation, i.e., for 10 months. Two reference groups included (1) the employed and (2) long-term unemployed (approx. 24 months) participants. In general, employed men reported better subjective health and less alienation than the moderate-term unemployed. Long-term unemployment was damaging for both men and women. Short-term SWB was determined by reactivity and coping. Support was not found for a relationship between reactivity and long-term SWB. Coping strategies were strong predictors of later deterioration of SWB. Post Scriptum -Polish criteria differ from those used in the EU and do not include persons who have not registered in Labor Offices. According to Polish legislation a person is eligible for unemployment compensation for the first six months after a layoff.
3

SITUATIONAL AND PERSONALITY FACTORS IN UNREALISTIC OPTIMISM (AND PESSIMISM)

100%
Klonowicz T.
Psychological Studies
|
2005
|
vol. 43
|
issue 3
41-54
EN
The study examined situational and individual (personality) determinants of unrealistic optimism and pessimism. Participants (112 university students) estimated at two points in time ­ (a) two weeks before and (b) immediately after the exam ­ their and the average student's likely grades. Unrealistic optimism (pessimism) was operationalized as a difference between (1) a person's predictions for the self and for the average student (comparative unrealistic optimism) and (2) a prediction for the self and the actual grade (accuracy of forecasts). The results revealed that participants were unrealistically optimistic in their predictions for themselves before the exam and unrealistically pessimistic after the exam; the situational factor did not affect predictions for an average student. Only moderate positive relation between unrealistic optimism and pessimism suggests that although the two constructs share some common variance, they are sufficiently different and may indicate different phases of the coping process. The second purpose of the study was to examine the relationships between unrealistic optimism and unrealistic pessimism, on the one hand, and the Big Five personality factors and dispositional optimism, on the other. The data indicated that both comparative unrealistic optimism and accuracy of optimistic forecasts were positively associated with dispositional optimism. Comparative unrealistic optimism was positively associated with Extraversion and Consciousness and negatively ­ with Neuroticism. Accuracy of optimistic forecasts correlated positively only with Extraversion and negatively with Neuroticism
4

EXPECTED PROBABILITY OF SUCCESS. THE ROLE OF SITUATIONAL AND PERSONALITY FACTORS

63%
Sokolowska J., Klonowicz T.
Psychological Studies
|
2006
|
vol. 44
|
issue 2
69-81
EN
The study was aimed at evaluating the impact of situational and personality factors on expectation of success. Participants (130 university students) estimated their probability of success in two - lottery and competition - situations. 'Success scenarios' for the two situations were constructed in such a way, as to include situations in which the number of winners participants was higher, equal, or lower than the number of participants who win nothing. The two personality characteristics under study were dispositional optimism (assessed with the LOT-R) and belief in good luck (assessed with the BIGL). The data indicate that in both the lottery and competition situations people display optimistic expectations of success. These optimistic expectations depend most strongly on the objective frequency of outcomes, however, optimistic expectations were higher in competition than in the lottery situations. The role of individual differences in dispositional optimism and/or belief in good luck was most salient in ambiguous situations (equal probability of winning vs. not winning). Under lottery condition optimistic expectations of success were positively associated with belief in good luck, whereas under competition these expectations were positively related to disposional optimism. In general the impact of situational factors was more salient than the impact of personal factors on expectancies of success.
5

INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL SOURCES OF DESTABILIZATION WITHIN THE SYSTEM OF STIMULATION CONTROL

63%
Eliasz A., Klonowicz T.
Kolokwia Psychologiczne (Psychological Colloquia)
|
2003
|
vol. 11
109-133
EN
Drawing on Transactional Model of Temperament proposed by Eliasz, the present paper addresses the issue of temporal and transsituational changes in temperament and their consequences for behavior and well-being. Temporal changes relate to biological bases of temperament that determines the average level of behavior dynamics. Initially, temporal changes are instrumental in coping with aversive stimulation: sensitization occurs under weak stimulation, whereas desensitization occurs under strong stimulation. Both sensitization and desensitization are considered as active regulatory mechanisms. However, when these two regulatory mechanisms are no longer sufficient, they would be replaced by passive regulation of stimulation. When not seconded by changes on other levels of the system for stimulation control, passive changes in temperament become destructive. Transsituational changes of temperament involve deviations form the individual average level of behavior dynamics and reflect the impact of environment on temperament. With repetitive occurrences of changes within the environment these deviations become stabilized and their profile may be compared to the notion of 'behavioral signature of the individual' introduced by Shoda. Biological foundations of temperament characterize people from the earliest stages of their life and have an impact on the development of other mechanisms of stimulation control. Regulatory mechanisms appearing later in life are shaped by social environment and often are at variance with individual capacity determined by temperament. They constitute internal 'sore points' and become a permanent source of destabilization within the system of stimulation control.
6

GOALS, REACTIVITY, AND SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING

63%
Cieslak R., Klonowicz T.
Psychological Studies
|
2004
|
vol. 42
|
issue 2
27-40
EN
The study tested whether (a) temperamental reactivity was related to intrinsic and extrinsic goals, (b) reactivity and goals predicted subjective well-being (SWB). The data were collected in the Polish General Social Survey on the representative national sample (N = 1221). Participants completed a questionnaire to measure SWB, reactivity, and personal - extrinsic and intrinsic - goals. SWB was defined as life satisfaction, frequency of positive and negative affect, and intensity of somatic complaints. Assuming that temperamental reactivity is a context dependant variable, two aspects of it were distinguished: emotional reactivity and work related reactivity. Controlling for social-demographic variables, results of hierarchical regression analyzes showed (a) negative effect of emotional reactivity on intrinsic and extrinsic goals, (b) negative effect of both aspects of reactivity on SWB, (c) positive effect of intrinsic goals on SWB (except for one component of SWB - somatic complaints). Extrinsic goals were not related to the SWB. Marginal support was found for the hypothesis that goals moderate relationship between reactivity and SWB. The size of negative effect of emotional reactivity on life satisfaction was weaker for those participants who were either high in intrinsic goals or low in extrinsic goals. The need for further research on temperamental and personality mechanisms as the determinants of the SWB is discussed.
7

Risk perception, risk acceptance, and dispositional optimism

63%
Sokolowska J., Klonowicz T.
Polish Psychological Bulletin
|
2004
|
vol. 35
|
issue 1
55-63
EN
A quasi-experimental study was designed to examine, whether (1) perceived risk is a function of the relative frequency of bad to good outcomes and (2) individual differences in dispositional optimism influence risk perception and risk acceptance. A total of 263 undergraduate students of psychology (189 women and 74 men) participated in the study. Subgroups of high- and low optimism selected on the basis of their optimism scores were presented with 28 multi-outcome gambles and asked to rate risk separately for each gamble and next indicate, whether they would play a given gamble or not. The data indicate that: (1) risk judgments depend on the ratio of bad to good outcomes in the outcomes' distribution, (2) high- and low optimists did not differ with respect to average risk rates but in more optimistic persons decision making would be associated with more trade-offs.
8

Subjective well-being in a Polish national sample: the roles of demographic factors, Type A, and goals

51%
Klonowicz T., Cieslak R., Eliasz A.
Polish Psychological Bulletin
|
2004
|
vol. 35
|
issue 1
35-43
EN
This article seeks to further our understanding of relationships between individual characteristics (age, education, two components of Type A – anger and achievement) and subjective well-being (SWB). Goals (affiliation and agency goals) were studied both as predictors of SWB and as moderators of relations between individual characteristics and SWB. The SWB components were: somatic symptoms, life satisfaction, frequency of positive and negative mood. The data from Polish General Social Survey collected on the representative national sample (N = 1221) showed that education was positively related to SWB. Age was a negative predictor of all SWB indices (with the exception of negative mood). Two components of Type A were differently related to SWB: anger was a negative predictor of SWB, whereas achievement was positively related to SWB. Affiliation but not agency goals predicted high level of SWB. Partial support was found for the hypothesis that goals moderated relations between individual characteristics and SWB. Post Scriptum -'Personality' (top-bottom) approach to SWB has been offered as an alternative to studies of the impact of situational factors and life events on SWB (bottom-up models of SWB). However, the 'bottom' effects on SWB were found to be small and restricted to only 'fresh' events (cf., Suh, Diener, & Fujita, 1996).
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