Czytając o tolerancji religijnej jesteśmy zmuszeni uwierzyć, że ta zasada poja- wiła się w epoce oświecenia dzięki jakiejś filozofii czy systemowi politycznemu. W rzeczywistości oświecenie przyniosło tylko odzyskanie tolerancji, która wcze- śniej była skonfiskowana przez praktyki religijne i polityczne. Aby zrozumieć tolerancję w religiach monoteistycznych, musimy pamiętać, że była ona w swym aspekcie instytucjonalnym i praktycznym zdefiniowana już w świętych księgach tych religii.
The process of modernizing the Moroccan legal system corresponds to the complexity which characterizes Moroccan society. Generally speaking, each step towards democratization and stability in any Muslim country poses a ’duel’ – in a truly broad meaning of the word – between sharia on the one hand and modernization and secularization on the other one. Since the Arab-Muslim systems prove that sharia is not able to yield to the process of modernization and that it is not able to provide a legal system that would be easier to accept, one in which rights and democracy would not be merely points of reference, these systems must be confronted with difficult and radical changes imposed by other legal models. Thus, instead of being of the pioneering nature, the Arab-Muslim model is bound to constantly experience the state of being subordinated to other models which prove more creative or active. Looking at the recent history of Morocco, we can find that the country’s ’going modern’ (not always in a democratic manner) has been a process which commenced along with the colonization and was not part of the plans of those wielding power at that time. The political authorities of Arab-Muslim states inherited a set of contemporary legal disciplines coming from different systems: Maghreb – from the French one, Mashreq – from the English one, yet neither the former nor the latter have made use of the heritage to a full extent, which was proved by the recent movements of social protest.
In this paper, the author presents “halal finance” as a reform of the conventional financial system. Starting with a presentation of the vision of the meaning of the reform, which differs from that perceived by old civilizations, he tries to cast light on the role of the reform and its impact on the development of society in general. At the second stage, attention is paid to the connotation of the new management of public affairs and financial reforms. In the last part, the author demonstrates how conventional finances integrate halal finance as a reform considering the changes that have marked the financial industry in recent years, especially the explosion of petrodollars, the deregulation and liberalization of financial markets.
Historia ludzkości wiąże się z istnieniem koncepcji przestrzennych, miejsc będących państwami, miastami lub innymi formami organizacyjnymi. Badania nad Rzymem i Atenami, Bagdadem i Damaszkiem dostarczają obfitych informacji mających bezpośredni wpływ na zrozumienie ewolucji cywilizacji ludzkiej. Fas – miasto maurejskie, które zainicjowało marokańskie państwo, zawsze wzbudzało zainteresowanie historyków i specjalistów. Jest to unikalny model społeczny i miasto, dzięki któremu Uniwersytet Al-Qarawiyyin był w stanie przetrzymać wszelkie surowe zmiany. Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu śledzenie jego ewolucji, z uwzględnienim ekspansji i dominacji historycznej w Afryce Północnej i Europie na przestrzeni wieków.
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Human history has always been linked to a spatial concept, a place that can be a state, a city, or any other geographical determination. The researches on Rome and Athens, Baghdad and Damascus provide ample information with a direct impact on understanding the evolution of human civilization. Fas, the Moorish city which initiated the Moroccan State, has always aroused the interest of historians and specialists. It is a unique social model and a city that has been able, thanks to its University Al-Qarawiyyin, to withstand all the harsh changes for centuries. This paper is intended to follow the evolution of this city through the expansion and historical dominance in North Africa and Europe throughout centuries.
The governance theory has experienced an important evolution throughout history of political models known until present day. Specialists and scholars agree unanimously on the representative system being the preferred instrument of modern democracy to organize the state authority and competences. Politicians and rulers are elected according to a subjective approach, with the obligation to establish and realize public issues. This is a process in which the will of voters is used to prove the legitimacy of the power; however, it is deprived of an impact on direct politicians’ decisions. In another dimension, the Islamic governance theory offers a different postulate which is constructed on a clear division between the public and private interests. “Shura”, that is a consultative system of governance, is determined by divine provisions as a unique governance model, in which the impact of individuals has a direct impact on appointing rulers and on decision making, as well. This system provides a preventative control and monitoring which allow consultants’ or advisors’ interference in the decision making process and also during the executive phase to avoid disturbance or violation of the goals established in public issues, according to provisions and rules of Shari’ah.
The evolution, in its pluralistic form, is a constant characteristic of the humankind history: in fact man has successively started discoveries and restarted experiments to improve his wealth and horizons. Law, in its positivist dimension, also is subjected to this evolutionary process. Firstly, because it is a social phenomenon; secondly, because it is a necessary instrument of organization and maintenance of order. Legal systems always tend to change and innovate to meet the needs of order in societies, either for a group or for a minority. The mechanisms and tools that ensured the transition from legal dispositions to others, were often conducted by an innovative idea whose efficiency is proven, even if theoretically, and then has been publicly and officially supported. Recent legal regulations, the so-called unified, harmonized and standardized, in turn have imposed the implementation of legal techniques and concepts to accommodate the global organizational order. These changes are heavily felt because of values and specificities that express its resistance and mistrust toward the new invasive practices, especially if they come from abroad. For states the issue is about sovereignty, whereas for individuals the question is related to the identity and the sacred that united them in a political and social model.
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