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Czy opłaca się studiować?

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EN
The article discusses the correlation between education and economy. The main aim was to present bene fi ts from entering higher education, with special reference to bene fi ts deriving in terms of labour market (wage/salary, unemployment rate) and other bene fi ts (concern for health, life and job satisfaction, etc.). The analysis of data and the fi ndings of research referred to in the literature on the subject have enabled the author to conclude that higher education does pay off. The article discusses the correlation between education and economy. The main aim was to present bene fi ts from entering higher education, with special reference to bene fi ts deriving in terms of labour market (wage/salary, unemployment rate) and other bene fi ts (concern for health, life and job satisfaction, etc.). The analysis of data and the fi ndings of research referred to in the literature on the subject have enabled the author to conclude that higher education does pay off.
EN
The article described the problem of reasonable actions in the context of enrolment at higher education institutions. The aim was to answer the question whether students are homo economicus or not? In reference to starting studies and choosing a feld of it, as an another step after baccalaureate, such a behaviour can be recognized as a rational and students can be considered as a homo economicus.
PL
W artykule została podjęta kwestia kosztów studiowania. Jego celem jest przedstawienie metody ich szacowania, a także określenie na tej podstawie struktury indywidualnych kosztów oraz oszacowanie ich wielkości na przykładzie studiów ekonomicznych – stacjonarnych i niestacjonarnych. Uwzględniono wydatki ponoszone przez studentów pośrednio i bezpośrednio oraz koszt alternatywny, a także uzyskiwane przez nich dochody. Postawiono przy tym tezy, że – po pierwsze – głównym kosztem na studiach stacjonarnych jest koszt alternatywny, a na niestacjonarnych – czesne. Po drugie, że studenci studiów stacjonarnych kierunków ekonomicznych uzyskują stosunkowo wysokie dochody z pracy własnej. Analizę uzupełniono, badając wynagrodzenia i stopę bezrobocia absolwentów studiów. Badania kosztów przeprowadzono w uczelniach wyższych w Szczecinie, mających uprawnienia do nadawania tytułu magistra, a efektów – wśród absolwentów jednego wydziału.
EN
The article describes the costs of higher education. To do so, it uses the cost estimation method and, on its basis, determines the structure of individual costs and estimates them on the example of economics departments. The author takes into account direct, indirect and alternative costs incurred by students as well as their income, and differentiates between full-time and extramural students. He hypothesizes that the main cost incurred by full-time students is alternative cost, and in the case of extramural students – tuition. He also assumes that full-time students of economics-related fields have a relatively high income from their own work.
EN
The author addresses the problem of costs incurred by the society in connection with education, particularly tertiary education, as well as the social outcomes of tertiary education. The main goal is to assess the costs incurred by the Polish society relative to those borne by other EU and OECD member States and to refer to the existing literaturę in order to identify the social outcomes of rising levels of education. The latter goal was pursued in order to verify the claim that the costs incurred by the society on tertiary education are justified.
PL
Autor podejmuje problem kosztów ponoszonych przez społeczeństwo na kształcenie, zwłaszcza wyższe, oraz efektów społecznych z kształcenia wyższego. Jego głównym celem jest oszacowanie wielkości kosztów ponoszonych przez polskie społeczeństwo w porównaniu z innymi krajami Unii Europejskiej i OECD oraz, na podstawie analizy literatury przedmiotu, określenie efektów społecznych wynikających z podnoszenia poziomu wykształcenia. Ten drugi cel miał pomóc w zweryfikowaniu tezy, że ponoszenie przez społeczeństwo nakładów na szkolnictwo wyższe jest uzasadnione.
EN
In early 1990s Poland experienced a dynamic growth of the student population. Motivations to take up university education are varied. Some young people want to explore topics of interest, others think of gaining new knowledge, yet others wish to improve their chances on the labour market or avoid conscription. Some students undertake university education hoping for higher pay in future. As compensation is the most measurable type of motivation in analysis of educational outputs, the author attempted to investigate three problems: 1) the extent to which improved quality of education translated into higher compensations; 2) differences in compensation levels across economic sectors and occupational groups; 3) differences in compensation levels between Poland and old EU member states depending on the sector and occupational group. The article first analyses the average monthly gross income by occupational groups and age bands, moving on to differences in gross monthly compensation across sectors and comparing gross monthly pay in Poland versus ‘old’ UE member states, providing separate data for employees with university degrees.
PL
Na początku lat dziewięćdziesiątych XX wieku zaczął następować w Polsce dynamiczny wzrost liczby studentów. Istnieje wiele motywów podejmowania studiów wyższych. Część osób podejmuje studia chcąc rozwijać swoje zainteresowania, część - w celu zdobycia wiedzy, inni - aby zwiększyć swe szanse na rynku pracy bądź uniknąć służby wojskowej. Dla części zaś istotnym motywem są oczekiwania uzyskania wyższego wynagrodzenia. Ponieważ motywem najbardziej wymiernym przy analizie efektów kształcenia są wynagrodzenia, autor podjął próbę zbadania trzech problemów: (1) w jakim stopniu podnoszenie poziomu wykształcenia wpływa na wzrost wynagrodzeń; (2) jak duże występują różnice w wynagrodzeniach w zależności od sekcji gospodarki i grup zawodów; (3) jakie są różnice w wynagrodzeniach między Polską i krajami dawnej Unii Europejskiej w zależności od grupy zawodowej i sekcji gospodarki. Artykuł zawiera też analizę przeciętnego miesięcznego wynagrodzenia brutto według grup zawodów i grup wiekowych, a następnie dynamiki zmian wynagrodzenia miesięcznego brutto według sekcji oraz stosunku wynagrodzenia miesięcznego brutto w poszczególnych sekcjach do wynagrodzenia brutto ogółem w Polsce i dawnej Unii Europejskiej z wyszczególnieniem wynagrodzeń osób z wyższym wykształceniem.
PL
Wartości wyznawane przez pracowników i możliwość ich realizacji w miejscu pracy wpływają na zaangażowanie w pracę, a przez to na wynagrodzenia i wydajność pracy zatrudnionych. Obszarem dotychczas mało zbadanym są wartości wyznawane przez obywateli Ukrainy pracujących w Polsce. Celem artykułu jest zatem poznanie tych wartości i porównanie z wartościami wyznawanymi przez pracujących Polaków. Wykorzystano wyniki badań (przeprowadzonych głównie w Polsce) dostępnych w literaturze oraz badania własnego autora.
EN
The author calculates the value of potential paychecks lost by those who enroll for college studies instead of starting a professional career directly after graduation from high school. The author also determines the total cost of university-level education depending on individual types of studies and economic sectors. He estimates the period after which the incomes of people with a secondary education and those with a university-level education will level out. The analysis applies to the years 2000-2004. The amount of potential pay lost by college students was calculated by summing up the real remuneration of people with a secondary education in 2000-2004, considering the unemployment rate among people with a secondary education in the 15-24 age group. Total costs were determined by adding direct costs to pay lost. The payback period was calculated on the basis of the average 2004 pay of people with both a secondary and university-level education, considering the relevant unemployment rates and assuming steady geometric wage growth. It turns out that the average payback period for investments in higher education is five years. The period tends to be longer for graduates of technological studies and shorter for economists, administration graduates and teachers. The payback period is usually longer for studies with greater importance to the development of the economy (such as engineering) and the functioning of society (medicine and education). A short payback period is noted for investments in economic studies, which confirms the rationality of the choices made by many high-school graduates.
PL
Istotnym elementem otoczenia przedsiębiorstwa są zmiany na rynku pracy wywołane imigracją. Zjawisko to dotyczy również przedsiębiorstw w Polsce. Celem artykułu jest odpowiedź na pytania dotyczące wielkości imigracji zarobkowej w Polsce, zawodów wykonywanych przez imigrantów i perspektyw dotyczących wielkości imigracji. Analiza pozwoliła ustalić, że imigracja wynosi ok. 1 mln osób, w większości z Ukrainy. Należy się spodziewać, że w najbliższych latach wielkość migracji z Ukrainy znacząco się nie zmieni.
EN
Changes on the labour market due to immigration are an important element of the business environment. This phenomenon affects companies in Poland as well. The present paper provides an answer to several questions concerning the amount of labour immigration to Poland, the professions immigrants engage in and the predicted amount of labour immigration. The analysis revealed that the number of immigrants, mostly from Ukraine, oscillates around 1 million and that the majority of them perform simple jobs. It is to be expected that in the near term, migration from Ukraine will not change considerably.
PL
Celem opracowania jest poszukiwanie odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy kryzys gospodarczy lat 2007-2009 spowoduje spadek czy wzrost wolności gospodarczej. Poszukując odpowiedzi na to pytanie przeprowadzono analizę Indeksów Wol-ności Gospodarczej Instytutu Frasera w latach 2007-2010. Badaniami objęto Unię Europejską i Stany Zjednoczone.
|
2018
|
vol. 21
|
issue 6
89-97
EN
Higher education should enable students to raise their qualifications, and particularly acquire new knowledge, develop their interests, or learn to think critically. As for economics students, tertiary education should provide them with an opportunity to find and follow their career path. Having this in mind, the author of the present paper discusses factors contributing to economics students’ involvement in raising their qualifications. The main aim is to state why they have become less involved in doing so and particularly in acquiring new knowledge.
|
2014
|
vol. 17
|
issue 3
53-64
PL
The precariat is a notion and a phenomenon that has drawn special attention of economists since the turn of 20th and 21st centuries. The article is based on the assumption that the precariat involves unwanted and long-term insecurity and uncertainty, a highly changeable situation on the labour market and many other negative consequences. The paper advances the thesis according to which the phenomenon in ques-tion will escalate and be experienced by a growing number of people who have reached pre-retirement age and are no longer mobile in occupational terms. The article is aimed at presenting reasons of possible growth of the problem under discussion, as well as the consequences faced by people who deal with it. Last but not least, potential ways of fighting precarity will be discussed. The analysis will be based on the literature on the subject, data derived from Central Statistical Office of Poland (GUS) and Eurostat, as well as research con-ducted by the author.
PL
W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki badań przeprowadzonych w celu diagnozy, czy stosowanie narzędzi e-rekrutacji przez przedsiębiorstwa może być skuteczne wobec osób biernych zawodowo w wieku 50 lat i więcej. Badania zrealizowano na próbie 521 słuchaczy Uniwersytetów Trzeciego Wieku (UTW) w województwie zachodniopomorskim w okresie maj–czerwiec 2018 roku. Można w tej grupie znaleźć wyraźny potencjał osób skłonnych do podjęcia pracy; istnieją także możliwości dotarcia do takich osób za pośrednictwem narzędzi e-rekrutacji.
EN
The paper presents the results of a survey conducted in order to diagnose if the use of e–recruitment tools by companies can be effective with respect to people who are professionally inactive and aged fifty or over. The research was conducted on a sample of 521 University of the Third Age students in the Voivodeship of Western Pomerania over the May–June period of the year 2018. This group encompassed persons potentially willing to take up work and it is also possible to reach such people through e–recruitment tools.
EN
Surveys conducted in some of the world’s most developed countries have demonstrated that there is a positive relationship between the level of education and the level of income, Adamczyk and Jarecki write. According to the human capital theory, this effect is due to the growth of productivity. But education is also associated with costs. These costs can be divided into the direct costs of studying and opportunity costs. Thanks to the existence of measurable costs and effects, it is possible to assess the profitability of education. In order to measure the effects of investment in higher education, under the human capital theory, it is necessary to use a function in which the dependent variable is the level of income and the independent variables are age, education, and professional experience. However, this method cannot be used to determine whether or not studying is profitable, because it does not consider the costs of studying, Adamczyk and Jarecki note. They evaluate the profitability of investment in higher education in 2002, 2004 and 2006 using the internal rate of return (IRR) method. The IRR method is commonly used to evaluate the profitability of companies’ long-term investments. It makes it possible to take into account not only the level of effects and costs, but also the moment when they appear. A key advantage of this method is that it makes it possible to compare the effectiveness of investment in education with other kinds of investments, the authors say. The evaluation made by the authors showed that the rate of return was lower than 15 percent but higher than 16 percent, which means it was higher than the risk-free rate of return. In all, the obtained results show that investment in higher education in Poland is profitable. The analysis also demonstrated that the profitability of investment in higher education depends on sex. Men can obtain a higher rate of return than women. Another conclusion is that the profitability of studying can be affected not only by the income level but also by its time distribution.
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